( 2.1
Classification and
Biodiversity
Phylogenetic reflecting evolutionary relatedness
:
.
Phylogenetic tree :
animals
bacteria
archaea plaints
en
fungi
common ancestor
①
0
Last Universal
Common Ancestor ( LUCA )
vertebrate invertebrate
-
\ arthropod
mammal Reptile Bird fish I
-
- -
\ I Parrot I insect
\
.
Boa constrictor Goldfish /
stick insect
IT
'/ T
.
Gerbil Guinea
pig
cat boy
Hierarchy : a
system of ranking in which small
groups
are nested components
of larger groups
Taxon :
any group
within a
system of classification . →
doesnt overlap
Taxon Example
Domain
Eukaryote Homo
Animal sapiens
Kingdom
•
so
Phylum Chordate Domain .
Mammals Eubactevia ( prokaryotes cell walls with
Class 1
peptidoglycan )
-
.
without
Order Primates 2 . Archae (
prokaryotes - cell walls
peptidoglycan )
Family Hominidae 3 .
Eukaryote
Genus
Kingdom
Homo
Animal
µ
1.
species "
Pie " '
z .
Plants
Iukaryote
3 .
Fungi
4 .
Protoctista
5 .
Prokaryotes 1- Eubacteria 4 Archaea
, Why we need a
classification system ?
-
infer evolutionary relationships
'
predict characteristics
.
easier
for communication
Relatedness of organisms
1 .
Homologous structure leads to a
divergent evolution
-
structures
of species with common ancestors evolve into similar anatomical
positions but different functions
e -
g .
pentadactyl
2.
Analogous structure leads to a
convergent
evolution
structures of unrelated species which evolves to develop similar
features
-
e.
y wings
.
of butterfly eagle and but , .
Evidence
-
DNA
sequence
-
.
DNA hybridisation
'
Amino acid sequence
Immunology
-
Thespecieswncept
characteristics
Morphological physical
.
:
.
Reproductive
:
interbreed to make
fertile offspring
e
The binomial
- system
Taxonomy
Homo sapiens
④ Unambiguous
④ Latin
④ Able to related
show
species that are
closely
Classification and
Biodiversity
Phylogenetic reflecting evolutionary relatedness
:
.
Phylogenetic tree :
animals
bacteria
archaea plaints
en
fungi
common ancestor
①
0
Last Universal
Common Ancestor ( LUCA )
vertebrate invertebrate
-
\ arthropod
mammal Reptile Bird fish I
-
- -
\ I Parrot I insect
\
.
Boa constrictor Goldfish /
stick insect
IT
'/ T
.
Gerbil Guinea
pig
cat boy
Hierarchy : a
system of ranking in which small
groups
are nested components
of larger groups
Taxon :
any group
within a
system of classification . →
doesnt overlap
Taxon Example
Domain
Eukaryote Homo
Animal sapiens
Kingdom
•
so
Phylum Chordate Domain .
Mammals Eubactevia ( prokaryotes cell walls with
Class 1
peptidoglycan )
-
.
without
Order Primates 2 . Archae (
prokaryotes - cell walls
peptidoglycan )
Family Hominidae 3 .
Eukaryote
Genus
Kingdom
Homo
Animal
µ
1.
species "
Pie " '
z .
Plants
Iukaryote
3 .
Fungi
4 .
Protoctista
5 .
Prokaryotes 1- Eubacteria 4 Archaea
, Why we need a
classification system ?
-
infer evolutionary relationships
'
predict characteristics
.
easier
for communication
Relatedness of organisms
1 .
Homologous structure leads to a
divergent evolution
-
structures
of species with common ancestors evolve into similar anatomical
positions but different functions
e -
g .
pentadactyl
2.
Analogous structure leads to a
convergent
evolution
structures of unrelated species which evolves to develop similar
features
-
e.
y wings
.
of butterfly eagle and but , .
Evidence
-
DNA
sequence
-
.
DNA hybridisation
'
Amino acid sequence
Immunology
-
Thespecieswncept
characteristics
Morphological physical
.
:
.
Reproductive
:
interbreed to make
fertile offspring
e
The binomial
- system
Taxonomy
Homo sapiens
④ Unambiguous
④ Latin
④ Able to related
show
species that are
closely
