- produced by streptococcus
diffuse manifestations:
- characterised by phayringitis and appearance of
skin symptoms:
exanthema in first 2 days of illness
1. pruritus: unpleasant sensations causing scratching
- exanthema spreads over trunk and legs but not
- conveyed by pain fibres, although involves diff
to palms and soles
neurochemical substances
- skin feels like sandpaper
skin lesions:
1. rash: change in colour , appearance or texture of skin,
hematoma
irritated
- red/ purple lesions due to accumulation of
- medication: penicillin
bloof under skin
- atopic eczema
- inflammatory conditions of skin : psioriasis, lichen
planus
- infections conditions of skin: virus (rosea), fungi (tinea
corporis), bacteria (syphilis)
- types of hematoma ( smallest to biggest)
- petechiae: pinpint sized points of bleeding
under dermis
types of rash
- erythema: redness due to increased blood flow
- multiforme: bulls eye lesions, may blister
- exanthema: widespread reash associated w systematic
symptoms eg fever
bacterial / viral infections during
1. measles:
highly contagious
prodromal illness of fever, cough, conjunctivitis
followed by generalised exanthema
- prevented by vaccines
2. rubella:
- acquired rubella: generally benign
- generalised exanthema that lasts for 3 days or
less.
- 50% of infections are subclinical.
- congenital infection: much more dangerous as
can lead to cataracts, deafness, heart
abnromalities
3. erythema infectiosum
- viral infection ( slapped cheek exanthema)
- preceded by fever and coryzal symptoms
- produced by parvovirus B19
- less severe than measles
4. roseola infantum
- viral infection that causes high fever and
appearnce of exanthema once fever dissappears
- caused by herpes 6
5. scarlet fever
, - purpura: spots of bleeding under skim larger 2. papule
than petechiae and may be palpable - Circumscribed palpable elevation of the skin
<1cm diameter
- Eg; mole
- Diff shapes/ colours
- May appear on mucosa
- Maculopapular lesions: both coloured and
- eccymoses: bleeding in deeper structures, aka palpable, combine features of macula and
bruise papula
- eg; rash
oedema 3. Plaque
- swelling of soft tissue due to accumulation of - Palpable disc-shaped lesion , larger than 1c,
fluid diameter
- result from plasma transudate that accumulates - Eg; psoriasis
when movement of plasma from vascular to 4. Nodule
interstitial space is favoured - Circumsicribed palpable elevation of skin,
- localised: oedema: limited to particular organ larger than 1cm and deeper than papule
or vascular bed, caused by infections or - Eg: wart
allergic reactions 5. Vesicle
- generalised oedema: widespread swelling of - Superficial collection of fluid below epidermis
soft tissue, due to heart failure or kidney - Eg: blister
diseases - Causes: mechanical trauma; friction, burns,
allergic reaction, virus and fungi infections
- Skin creates blister to protect underlying skin
Skin colour changes; tissue from further damage
1. Jaundice: yellow pigmentation of eye sclera - Skin on mucosa
due to accumulation of bilirubin in blood 6. pustule
- May appear in blood disorders, liver - pimple
disease, biliary disease - Visible collection of pus
2. Pallor: pale skin and mucous memb due to - Lesion of acne
decrease in levels of oxyhaemoglobin under 7. Cyst
them - Collection of fluid surrounded by epithelium
- Causes; anemia, hypotension, heart (main difference from vesicle)
disease, leukaemia - Soft texture unlike nodule
3. Cyanosis: blueish colour of skin and mucous - May appear on mucosa
memb 1. Odontogenic cysts: arise from tooth
- Peripheral cyanosis; blueish distal extremities producing tissues
( fingertips/hands/toes) - Radicular or periapical cyst; derived
- causes by local vacoconstriction due to cold from remnants of epithelial cells
exposure involved in formation of tooth roots
- oxygen conc. Are normal - Cyst proliferates in response to
- rarely life threatening inflammation
- central cyanosis - Most common cyst in oral cavity
- blueish body and visible mucous membranes 2. Non odontogenic cysts; originate from
- due to reduced levels of oxygenated specific organs in oral cavity, such as salivary
haemoglobin, reduced 02 saturation (hypoxemia) glands or palate
- occurs in pathologies such as pulmonary, 8. telangiectasia
cardiovascular diseases and precence of abnormal - Dilated, superficial blood vessels
haemoglobin. It is a life threatening conditions - May appear on mucosa
9. Hives or urticaria
- Swollen areas on skin, itchy and pink-red
- Urticaria is generally produced by drugs and
allergic reactions
Localised manifestations - Urticaria lesions get white upon being pressed
with a finger
1. Macule or patch 10. Erosion
- Flat alteration of skin colour - Open areas of skin that result from partial or
- Eg: freckles total loss of epidermis
- Can also appear on mucosa
, - Caused by trauma or inflammation
11. Ulcer
- Loss of tissue, ulcer is deeper than erosion, loss
of epidermis and upper part of dermis
- Can affect the skin as well as mucosa
- Percentage of ulcers can lead to cancer so it is
important to distinguish between benign and
malignant ulcers
12. Fissure
- Slit shaped deep ulcer
13. fistula
- Abnormal communication between 2 spaces:
- internal fistula: communicates the lumen of
one space and lumen of another
- external fistula: communicates the lumen of
one space with the exterior
14. crust
- Dried exudate of blood or serum
15. Scale
- A flake arising from excess of keratin
16. Hyperkeratosis
- Hyperplasia of stratum corneum
- When it appears on mucosa you must be
cautious as they could be precancerous lesions
ranging from flat whitish patches to warty
lesions
17. Lichen planus
- Chronic inflammatory condition characterised
by shiny, flat topped purplish papules
- Itchy
- Causes not well understood
- Exaggerated inflammatory reaction
- When it appears in oral cavity it is oral lichen
planus (could be cancerous) Infectious diseases
1. Reticular lichen planus: net shaped lichen
planus. Mild symptoms.
2. Atrophic lichen planus; affects gums and 1. Bacterial
tongue. Only discomfort
3. Ulcerative or erosive lichen planus: painful
ulcers in oral cavity infections:
- Odontogenic
infections
- abscesses
- localised collection of
pus within tissue
- signs and
symptoms:
- erythema
- swelling
- pain
- pus discharge
diffuse manifestations:
- characterised by phayringitis and appearance of
skin symptoms:
exanthema in first 2 days of illness
1. pruritus: unpleasant sensations causing scratching
- exanthema spreads over trunk and legs but not
- conveyed by pain fibres, although involves diff
to palms and soles
neurochemical substances
- skin feels like sandpaper
skin lesions:
1. rash: change in colour , appearance or texture of skin,
hematoma
irritated
- red/ purple lesions due to accumulation of
- medication: penicillin
bloof under skin
- atopic eczema
- inflammatory conditions of skin : psioriasis, lichen
planus
- infections conditions of skin: virus (rosea), fungi (tinea
corporis), bacteria (syphilis)
- types of hematoma ( smallest to biggest)
- petechiae: pinpint sized points of bleeding
under dermis
types of rash
- erythema: redness due to increased blood flow
- multiforme: bulls eye lesions, may blister
- exanthema: widespread reash associated w systematic
symptoms eg fever
bacterial / viral infections during
1. measles:
highly contagious
prodromal illness of fever, cough, conjunctivitis
followed by generalised exanthema
- prevented by vaccines
2. rubella:
- acquired rubella: generally benign
- generalised exanthema that lasts for 3 days or
less.
- 50% of infections are subclinical.
- congenital infection: much more dangerous as
can lead to cataracts, deafness, heart
abnromalities
3. erythema infectiosum
- viral infection ( slapped cheek exanthema)
- preceded by fever and coryzal symptoms
- produced by parvovirus B19
- less severe than measles
4. roseola infantum
- viral infection that causes high fever and
appearnce of exanthema once fever dissappears
- caused by herpes 6
5. scarlet fever
, - purpura: spots of bleeding under skim larger 2. papule
than petechiae and may be palpable - Circumscribed palpable elevation of the skin
<1cm diameter
- Eg; mole
- Diff shapes/ colours
- May appear on mucosa
- Maculopapular lesions: both coloured and
- eccymoses: bleeding in deeper structures, aka palpable, combine features of macula and
bruise papula
- eg; rash
oedema 3. Plaque
- swelling of soft tissue due to accumulation of - Palpable disc-shaped lesion , larger than 1c,
fluid diameter
- result from plasma transudate that accumulates - Eg; psoriasis
when movement of plasma from vascular to 4. Nodule
interstitial space is favoured - Circumsicribed palpable elevation of skin,
- localised: oedema: limited to particular organ larger than 1cm and deeper than papule
or vascular bed, caused by infections or - Eg: wart
allergic reactions 5. Vesicle
- generalised oedema: widespread swelling of - Superficial collection of fluid below epidermis
soft tissue, due to heart failure or kidney - Eg: blister
diseases - Causes: mechanical trauma; friction, burns,
allergic reaction, virus and fungi infections
- Skin creates blister to protect underlying skin
Skin colour changes; tissue from further damage
1. Jaundice: yellow pigmentation of eye sclera - Skin on mucosa
due to accumulation of bilirubin in blood 6. pustule
- May appear in blood disorders, liver - pimple
disease, biliary disease - Visible collection of pus
2. Pallor: pale skin and mucous memb due to - Lesion of acne
decrease in levels of oxyhaemoglobin under 7. Cyst
them - Collection of fluid surrounded by epithelium
- Causes; anemia, hypotension, heart (main difference from vesicle)
disease, leukaemia - Soft texture unlike nodule
3. Cyanosis: blueish colour of skin and mucous - May appear on mucosa
memb 1. Odontogenic cysts: arise from tooth
- Peripheral cyanosis; blueish distal extremities producing tissues
( fingertips/hands/toes) - Radicular or periapical cyst; derived
- causes by local vacoconstriction due to cold from remnants of epithelial cells
exposure involved in formation of tooth roots
- oxygen conc. Are normal - Cyst proliferates in response to
- rarely life threatening inflammation
- central cyanosis - Most common cyst in oral cavity
- blueish body and visible mucous membranes 2. Non odontogenic cysts; originate from
- due to reduced levels of oxygenated specific organs in oral cavity, such as salivary
haemoglobin, reduced 02 saturation (hypoxemia) glands or palate
- occurs in pathologies such as pulmonary, 8. telangiectasia
cardiovascular diseases and precence of abnormal - Dilated, superficial blood vessels
haemoglobin. It is a life threatening conditions - May appear on mucosa
9. Hives or urticaria
- Swollen areas on skin, itchy and pink-red
- Urticaria is generally produced by drugs and
allergic reactions
Localised manifestations - Urticaria lesions get white upon being pressed
with a finger
1. Macule or patch 10. Erosion
- Flat alteration of skin colour - Open areas of skin that result from partial or
- Eg: freckles total loss of epidermis
- Can also appear on mucosa
, - Caused by trauma or inflammation
11. Ulcer
- Loss of tissue, ulcer is deeper than erosion, loss
of epidermis and upper part of dermis
- Can affect the skin as well as mucosa
- Percentage of ulcers can lead to cancer so it is
important to distinguish between benign and
malignant ulcers
12. Fissure
- Slit shaped deep ulcer
13. fistula
- Abnormal communication between 2 spaces:
- internal fistula: communicates the lumen of
one space and lumen of another
- external fistula: communicates the lumen of
one space with the exterior
14. crust
- Dried exudate of blood or serum
15. Scale
- A flake arising from excess of keratin
16. Hyperkeratosis
- Hyperplasia of stratum corneum
- When it appears on mucosa you must be
cautious as they could be precancerous lesions
ranging from flat whitish patches to warty
lesions
17. Lichen planus
- Chronic inflammatory condition characterised
by shiny, flat topped purplish papules
- Itchy
- Causes not well understood
- Exaggerated inflammatory reaction
- When it appears in oral cavity it is oral lichen
planus (could be cancerous) Infectious diseases
1. Reticular lichen planus: net shaped lichen
planus. Mild symptoms.
2. Atrophic lichen planus; affects gums and 1. Bacterial
tongue. Only discomfort
3. Ulcerative or erosive lichen planus: painful
ulcers in oral cavity infections:
- Odontogenic
infections
- abscesses
- localised collection of
pus within tissue
- signs and
symptoms:
- erythema
- swelling
- pain
- pus discharge
