AP Biology Exam FULL COURSE Study Guide

II. Biochemistry Water properties and importance Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Enzymes: structure, function, and regulation

III. Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Cell organelles and their functions Cell membrane structure and function Membrane transport: diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

IV. Cellular Energetics Cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis Photosynthesis: light reactions, Calvin cycle, and the production of glucose

V. Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Signal transduction pathways Cell cycle: checkpoints, regulation, and cancer

VI. Genetics Mendelian genetics: laws of segregation and independent assortment Non-Mendelian genetics: incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles DNA structure and replication Gene expression: transcription and translation Genetic mutations and their effects Genetic technologie...

VII. Evolution Evidence for evolution: fossils, homologous structures, biogeography, and molecular biology Mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation Speciation: types and examples

VIII. Ecology Ecosystems: biotic and abiotic factors, energy flow, and nutrient cycling Community ecology: species interactions, succession, and biodiversity Population ecology: population growth, carrying capacity, and population dynamics Biomes: types and characteristics

IX. Anatomy and Physiology Human anatomy: skeletal, muscular, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems Homeostasis: mechanisms and examples Human physiology: hormonal regulation, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction

X. Behavior and Ethology Animal behavior: innate and learned behaviors, social behaviors, and communication Ethology: study of animal behavior

XI. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Conservation biology: threats to biodiversity, endangered species, and conservation strategies Biogeography: patterns of biodiversity and distribution of species Ecosystem ecology: ecosystem processes and the impact of human activities on ecosystems

XII. Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking Experimental design: hypothesis, variables, control group, and experimental group Statistical analysis: mean, standard deviation, and significance testing Science and society: ethical considerations, scientific communication, and science policy