ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hormone: An organic chemical substance, usually a protein but
sometimes a steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland and carried in
the bloodstream to its target organ/s. Functions to regulate
metabolic reactions.
Endocrine glands: Vascular, ductless glands that secrete
hormones which are carried in the bloodstream to their target
organ/s.
Basal metabolic rate: amount of energy that the body needs to
keep functioning whilst at rest
Diabetes: A disease characterized by high levels of glucose in the
blood
Myxoedema: A condition due to hypothyroidism in adults(low
metabolic rate)
Cretinism: A condition due to hypothyroidism in children(low
metabolic rate)
Hyperthyroidism: Excess of thyroxin produced, causing a high
metabolic rate, affecting both adults and children with the same
symptoms. Goitre and Grave’s disease.
Giantism: Overdevelopment of the skeleton in prepubertal children
due to hypersecretion of GH.
Pituitary dwarfism: Underdevelopment of the skeleton in
prepubertal children due to hyposecretion of GH.
Acromegaly: A condition where there is enlargement of the face,
skull and hands due to hypersecretion of GH in adults.
Infertility: The failure to become pregnant after 12 months or more
of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Homeostasis: The process of maintaining the internal environment
in a constant optimal state , despite changes in the external
environment. (staying the same)
Negative Feedback: A major mechanism that enables an organism
to maintain homeostasis. A control mechanism whereby a change
from the norm(set point) is corrected by bringing about a change in
the opposite direction.
,Feedback Loop: A biological control mechanism used to maintain
homeostasis.
Anabolic Steroids: A common term for male(testosterone) and
female hormones(oestrogen and progesterone).
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids(AAS): Specialized derivatives of
the male hormone, testosterone.
Erythropoietin(EPO): Naturally occurring hormone produced in
the kidney to regulate RBC formation(increases RBC formation:
improving oxygen-carrying capacity)
Cortisol and Adrenalin: Important naturally occurring hormones
essential in preparing people for athletic action.
- Cortisol/Cortisone: Increase glucose levels, availability to
muscles(release more energy), inhibits unnecessary systems
Involved in the regulation of metabolism in the cells and helps
us regulate stress within the body. CATABOLIC EFFECT ON
MUSCLE TISSUE
- Adrenalin: See all functions in section. PREPARE FOR FLIGHT
OR FIGHT
STRESS SYSTEM HORMONES
- Adrenalin first: ready for action
- Cortisol: Released afterwards for a long time to maintain the
body in a state of action. Continuous release: NEGATIVE
EFFECT
REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS:
Reproduction: The ability of an organism to produce a new
generation of themselves.
Asexual reproduction: Production of a new generation by one
parent.
Sexual reproduction: Production of a new generation by bringing
together genetic material of two parents.
Angiosperm: Plants with flowers which produce ovules enclosed in
an ovary. Organ of sexual reproduction.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma,
enabling fertilization and reproduction.
, Cross-pollination: Pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower
of 1 plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same
species.
Self-pollination: Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma
of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
Fertilization: The joining of 2 haploid gametes to form a diploid
zygote. (in plants fertilization takes place after pollination)
Hermaphrodite: Bisexual(both male and female): Series of
modified leaves arranged in 4 whorls.
Variation occurs in:
- Meiosis
Crossing over in Prophase 1
Random alignment/Independent assortment in Metaphase 1
Random segregation in Anaphase 1
- Fertilization
2 sets of genetic information, very different, coming together
Domestication: process of adapting wild plants and animals for
human use. Domestic species are raised for food, work, clothing,
medicine, and many other uses.
Selective breeding: Crop plants with new superior trait are
chosen, breed together and produce offspring with more desirable
characteristics. Over time, the whole crop population may have the
desired trait.
Grafting: A process where tissues from two different plants are
joined together(each tissue has a favourable trait)
Propagation: Process of creating new plants: sexual or asexual.
Micro-propagation: Process where numerous new identical
plants(clones) are produced(asexual reproduction).
Cultivar: Plant selected for a desirable characteristics that can be
maintained by propagation.
Clone: The copied material, which has an identical genetic makeup
as the original
Genetic engineering: Any direct manipulation of an organism’s
genes
Hormone: An organic chemical substance, usually a protein but
sometimes a steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland and carried in
the bloodstream to its target organ/s. Functions to regulate
metabolic reactions.
Endocrine glands: Vascular, ductless glands that secrete
hormones which are carried in the bloodstream to their target
organ/s.
Basal metabolic rate: amount of energy that the body needs to
keep functioning whilst at rest
Diabetes: A disease characterized by high levels of glucose in the
blood
Myxoedema: A condition due to hypothyroidism in adults(low
metabolic rate)
Cretinism: A condition due to hypothyroidism in children(low
metabolic rate)
Hyperthyroidism: Excess of thyroxin produced, causing a high
metabolic rate, affecting both adults and children with the same
symptoms. Goitre and Grave’s disease.
Giantism: Overdevelopment of the skeleton in prepubertal children
due to hypersecretion of GH.
Pituitary dwarfism: Underdevelopment of the skeleton in
prepubertal children due to hyposecretion of GH.
Acromegaly: A condition where there is enlargement of the face,
skull and hands due to hypersecretion of GH in adults.
Infertility: The failure to become pregnant after 12 months or more
of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Homeostasis: The process of maintaining the internal environment
in a constant optimal state , despite changes in the external
environment. (staying the same)
Negative Feedback: A major mechanism that enables an organism
to maintain homeostasis. A control mechanism whereby a change
from the norm(set point) is corrected by bringing about a change in
the opposite direction.
,Feedback Loop: A biological control mechanism used to maintain
homeostasis.
Anabolic Steroids: A common term for male(testosterone) and
female hormones(oestrogen and progesterone).
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids(AAS): Specialized derivatives of
the male hormone, testosterone.
Erythropoietin(EPO): Naturally occurring hormone produced in
the kidney to regulate RBC formation(increases RBC formation:
improving oxygen-carrying capacity)
Cortisol and Adrenalin: Important naturally occurring hormones
essential in preparing people for athletic action.
- Cortisol/Cortisone: Increase glucose levels, availability to
muscles(release more energy), inhibits unnecessary systems
Involved in the regulation of metabolism in the cells and helps
us regulate stress within the body. CATABOLIC EFFECT ON
MUSCLE TISSUE
- Adrenalin: See all functions in section. PREPARE FOR FLIGHT
OR FIGHT
STRESS SYSTEM HORMONES
- Adrenalin first: ready for action
- Cortisol: Released afterwards for a long time to maintain the
body in a state of action. Continuous release: NEGATIVE
EFFECT
REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS:
Reproduction: The ability of an organism to produce a new
generation of themselves.
Asexual reproduction: Production of a new generation by one
parent.
Sexual reproduction: Production of a new generation by bringing
together genetic material of two parents.
Angiosperm: Plants with flowers which produce ovules enclosed in
an ovary. Organ of sexual reproduction.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma,
enabling fertilization and reproduction.
, Cross-pollination: Pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower
of 1 plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same
species.
Self-pollination: Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma
of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
Fertilization: The joining of 2 haploid gametes to form a diploid
zygote. (in plants fertilization takes place after pollination)
Hermaphrodite: Bisexual(both male and female): Series of
modified leaves arranged in 4 whorls.
Variation occurs in:
- Meiosis
Crossing over in Prophase 1
Random alignment/Independent assortment in Metaphase 1
Random segregation in Anaphase 1
- Fertilization
2 sets of genetic information, very different, coming together
Domestication: process of adapting wild plants and animals for
human use. Domestic species are raised for food, work, clothing,
medicine, and many other uses.
Selective breeding: Crop plants with new superior trait are
chosen, breed together and produce offspring with more desirable
characteristics. Over time, the whole crop population may have the
desired trait.
Grafting: A process where tissues from two different plants are
joined together(each tissue has a favourable trait)
Propagation: Process of creating new plants: sexual or asexual.
Micro-propagation: Process where numerous new identical
plants(clones) are produced(asexual reproduction).
Cultivar: Plant selected for a desirable characteristics that can be
maintained by propagation.
Clone: The copied material, which has an identical genetic makeup
as the original
Genetic engineering: Any direct manipulation of an organism’s
genes
