Summary Intermolecular and intramolecular forces

Intramolecular bonds of Bond which occurs between atoms within molecules




Covalent Bonds Ionic bonds Metallic bonds

A
sharing of at least one
pair of electrons A transfer of electrons and subsequent forces between a
positive kernel and a sea of



by two non-metal atoms . electrostatic attraction delocalised electrons .



forms
Polar covalent : Uneven sharing of electrons (AEN30 a
crystal lattice forms a
crystal lattice

Non-polar/Pure covalent : Even sharing of electrons (AEN = of


Conducts free able
electricity in
molten/aqueous state due
moving elections are to conduct
forms molecule to free
electricity
a moving ions ,
.

- -


-


+ + +

Giant molecules
-

-




-
-




+ + +

Have to many
-




high melting boiling points due
strong covalent
-



and bands -



-




No intermolecular forces
-



because
-




,
there are no molecules -




-
-




-
+ +


Graphite ,
diamond and silicon dioxide


Graphite conduct electricity due to it's
layers of carbon atoms
-




can




Intermolecular forces A force of attraction between molecules, ions , or atom of noble gas




Van Der waals forces :

London rispersion) forces Dipole-dipole forces Ion-dipole forces
Hydrogen bonds


-Stronger Stronger Special
- -



weakest the forces dipole-dipole
-



of all than London forces than forces case of dipole-dipole forces

-


Force between Between form between
-strongest
- -



2
non-polar molecules 2 polar molecules an ion and a
polar molecule intermolecular force


Induced dipoles Not bonds
-



-
>
Moving electrons examinable -Hydrogen exist between polar molecules in




will cause a temporary dipole where which hydrogen is bonded to a small atom of
,




one side of the molecule is Mora
high electronegativity with at least one lone pair


negative of electrons (N ,
0 and fr




Melting pointi-Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

Stronger
-



forces need
higher amounts of
energy to overcome these forces


Stronger have higher
-



forces
melting points

-A larger molar mass will also increase melting and boiling points due to an increase in elections.




Vapour pressure :

Pressure of contact form
liquid
-


a
vapour
in
with its


With intermolecular forces less able to break free from
stronger particles will be the liquid

substances
-



with stronger intermolecular forces will have lower vapour pressure.




Boiling point : -


Temperature at which the vapour pressure is
equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Lower vapour pressure results in higher boiling points

-Stronger intermolecular forces ,
the lover the vapour pressure , the
higher the boiling point.