Summary Organic chemistry

-Organic
Chemistry
Organic Molecules -
Molecules containing carbon atoms with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide ,
diamond , graphite ,
carbonates ,
carbides and



cyanides


Hydrocarbon -
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms



functional An atom of atoms that form the Center of chemical activity the molecule
group group
in
-

or




compounds that differs
Homologous series -
A series of similar have the same functional
group and the same
general formula ,
in which each member

from the CH2 .
previous one
by a
single unit




Naming organic compounds :
Molecular formula Structural formula Condensed structural formula
H H
I I

Ethane : (2Ho H -



C -
C -
H CH3 CH3
I I
H H



Organic classified into
groups based their Chemical properties (Homologous groups
-



compounds are on



These
properties result of certain atoms
-




are the compounds called functional
a on
groups

There parts
-



are 2 of naming a
organic compound
1 .
The number of carbons in the main carbon chain (Prefix

2 . The
homologous series that it belongs to Suffix

substituents .
Any other the chain called
-



groups on main are




H
H H
I I I


H -

C -


G -




C5H
I

HH I
-
C -


H
substituent
H
-
group Methyl




2-methyl propane



Allocating prefixi

-

Determine number of carbons in the main chain

The
longest carbon chainMain chaind must of the functional have the simplest side chains .
-



consist and
group
Carbon chains do not be
to
straight line
-

have a




bend H
They can
-




I

H -


c 0 H Main Carbon chain
-
=

=




H
Prefix based on length of carbon chain: 4 H
I
I I H
- S I I



↑ in
~




2C 3C 4 5C 62 S C
-
To
H
-

c -
c -
C -
-

C -
C -
H


Eth-Prop-But-Pent-Hex-Hept-Oct- H ii I H H
-




H
4 H
- -

, ·
Al Kanes


c C
Alkenes bonds
=
Double
Position


OH
Hydroxyl group
-




20 gicOa
-




Carboxylic acids Carboxyl anoic
group
-

-
H


O
11

Esters




↑ -
>
Continuation of the carbon chain




* If the functional di- trit to *
multiple over some
group
add or suffix etc .




Substituent :
groups
Substituent Substituent Name
group




↓#
CH3
Alkyl
-




group


Alkyl group
* substituents are added to the
beginning
the
Halog en (x) of name

*
Must be named in alphabetical order *


(x)
Halogen

Halogen (x




Halogen (x

I




Positioning :




All functional (resides alkanes and carboxylic acids) and substituents must be allocated to number the
-



on main carbon chain .
groups a




must be from end closest
-




The carbon chain numbered the carbon to the functional group (or which side has more functional groups
-

Alkanes carbon chain must be numbered from the end carbon closest to a substituent.



Hex-2-ene 2-methylpentane
H
H
-

c
-
H



H (
H
-



Double bond between it ↑ [H1
H
-




Methyl substituent is


↳ 3 and 22 number C, (2 C- (2
C-
C On


itCCC-4
H
- -

-
- -
H
H
-
-

, 5


from lowest Carbon iii i h :
2-methyl ...




-




There must always be a dash between numbers and letters

and
must always be comma between numbers numbers
-



There a




substituents and roof
No between
name/Homologous series
-




space