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Class notes Life Sciences (Biology)

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Everything you want to learn about Biology is all in here.

Institution
10th Grade











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Uploaded on
November 8, 2025
Number of pages
2396
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Class notes
Professor(s)
Sir p.t
Contains
All classes

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indice




I. Introduction to the Cell

1. The Evolution of the Cell

Introduction
From Molecules to the First Cell
From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes
From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms
References
General
Cited




2. Small Molecules, Energy, and Biosynthesis
Introduction
The Chemical Components of a Cell
Biological Order and Energy
Food and the Derivation of Cellular Energy
Biosynthesis and the Creation of Order
The Coordination of Catabolism and Biosynthesis
References
General
Cited




3. Macromolecules: Structure, Shape, and Information

Introduction
Molecular Recognition Processes
Nucleic Acids
Protein Structure
Proteins as Catalysts
References
General
Cited




4. How Cells Are Studied

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Introduction
Looking at the Structure of Cells in the Microscope
Isolating Cells and Growing Them in Culture
Fractionation of Cells and Analysis of Their Molecules
Tracing and Assaying Molecules Inside Cells
References
General
Cited

II. Molecular Genetics


5. Protein Function

Introduction
Making Machines Out of Proteins
The Birth, Assembly, and Death of Proteins
References
General
Cited




6. Basic Genetic Mechanisms
Introduction
RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA Repair
DNA Replication
Genetic Recombination
Viruses, Plasmids, and Transposable Genetic Elements
References
General
Cited




7. Recombinant DNA Technology

Introduction
The Fragmentation, Separation, and Sequencing of DNA Molecules
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
DNA Cloning
DNA Engineering
References
Cited


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8. The Cell Nucleus

Introduction
Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging
The Global Structure of Chromosomes
Chromosome Replication
RNA Synthesis and RNA Processing
The Organization and Evolution of the Nuclear Genome
References
Cited


9. Control of Gene Expression

Introduction
An Overview of Gene Control
DNA-binding Motifs in Gene Regulatory Proteins
How Genetic Switches Work
Chromatin Structure and the Control of Gene Expression
The Molecular Genetic Mechanisms That Create Specialized Cell
Types
Posttranscriptional Controls
References
General
Cited

III. Internal Organization of the Cell


10. Membrane Structure

Introduction
The Lipid Bilayer
Membrane Proteins
References
General
Cited


11. Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Ionic Basis of
Membrane Excitability

Introduction
Principles of Membrane Transport
Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport ,
Ion Channels and Electrical Properties of Membranes
References



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12. Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

Introduction
The Compartmentalization of Higher Cells
The Transport of Molecules into and out of the Nucleus
The Transport of Proteins into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
References
General
Cited


13. Vesicular Traffic in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways

Introduction
Transport from the ER Through the Golgi Apparatus
Transport from the Trans Golgi Network to Lysosomes
Transport from the Plasma Membrane via Endosomes: Endocytosis
Transport from the Trans Golgi Network to the Cell Surface:
Exocytosis
The Molecular Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport and the
Maintenance of Compartmental Diversity
References
General
Cited

14. Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Introduction
The Mitochondrion
The Respiratory Chain and ATP Synthase
Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
The Evolution of Electron-Transport Chains
The Genomes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
References
General
Cited

15. Cell Signaling

Introduction
General Principles of Cell Signaling
Signaling via G-Protein-linked Cell-Surface Receptors
Signaling via Enzyme-linked Cell-Surface Receptors
Target-Cell Adaptation
The Logic of Intracellular Signaling: Lessons from Computer-based
"Neural Networks"


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