Nurs 221 Exam 2026 Questions and
Answers
Reservoir (source) - Correct answer-a host that allows the microorganism to live,
and possibly grow and multiply. People, animals, the environment, and equipment
can all be reservoirs for microorganisms. Ways to break this link include cleaning,
disinfecting or sterilizing medical devices and the client care environment
Portal of Exit - Correct answer-the way in which the microorganism moves or
escapes from the reservoir. Some examples include blood, respiratory tract, skin
and mucous membranes, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the
transplacental route from mother to unborn infant. Ways to break this link include
wearing personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and
safe waste disposal
Means of Transmission - Correct answer-some microorganisms cannot travel on
their own and require a vehicle to carry them to other people and places.
Transmission can occur through direct and indirect contact
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,Direct contact - Correct answer-direct physical contact with a body fluid such as
from an infected wound
Indirect contact - Correct answer-the fluids from a cough or sneeze that can land on
surfaces that are then touched by other people
Portal of Entry - Correct answer-the path for the microorganism to enter a new
host. Some paths are the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, mucous
membranes, and broken skin. Ways to break this link include using aseptic
technique when providing wound and catheter care
Susceptible Host - Correct answer-a person susceptible to the microorganism such
as those who are immunocompromised, diabetic, post-operative, or who have
extensive burns or cardiopulmonary disease etc. Ways to break this link include
vaccination, the recognition of high-risk clients, treatment of underlying disease
and maintaining a healthy lifestyle e.g. nutrition and exercise
Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is the Infection Prevention and Control preferred
product for performing hand hygiene, except: - Correct answer-a) when hands are
visibly soiled with food, dirt or blood and body fluids;
b) prior to, during, and after food handling;
c) immediately after using the washroom; and
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,d) when providing care for patients with diarrhea and/or vomiting.
Plain soap and water are recommended: - Correct answer-a) when hands are visibly
soiled with food, dirt or blood and body fluids;
b) following glove removal (doffing) when caring for patients with diarrhea and/or
vomiting;
c) prior to and, during, and after food handling; and
d) immediately after using washroom facilities
Antimicrobial (also called antiseptic) soap and water - Correct answer-only used
before surgical and/or prolonged invasive procedures, and shall not be used for
routine hand hygiene
Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) - Correct answer-means an AHS-provided liquid,
gel or foam formulation containing 60-90% alcohol which is applied to the hands
to reduce the number of transient microorganisms
donning - Correct answer-GMGG
doffing - Correct answer-GGGM
Isolation, also called additional precautions - Correct answer-the second tier of
precautions nurses use to prevent the spread of infections. These precautions are
designed to contain pathogens in one area, usually the patient's room
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, subcultures of patient safety - Correct answer-•Reporting culture
•Informed culture
•Flexible culture
•Learning culture
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL's) - Correct answer-more complex and
include such skills as shopping, preparing meals, managing finances, taking
medications. These are skills often needed to be independent in the community
Activities of daily (ADL's) - Correct answer-activities usually performed in the
course of a normal day including ambulation, eating, dressing, bathing, toileting,
brushing the teeth, and grooming
when a person performs the ROM activities on his or her own - Correct answer-
active range of motion
when another person such as a nurse performs the joint movements while the
patient is in prone and relaxed state - Correct answer-passive range of motion
ADLs (activities of daily living) - Correct answer-personal daily care tasks,
including bathing, skin, nail, and hair care, walking, eating and drinking, mouth
care, dressing, transferring, and toileting
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Answers
Reservoir (source) - Correct answer-a host that allows the microorganism to live,
and possibly grow and multiply. People, animals, the environment, and equipment
can all be reservoirs for microorganisms. Ways to break this link include cleaning,
disinfecting or sterilizing medical devices and the client care environment
Portal of Exit - Correct answer-the way in which the microorganism moves or
escapes from the reservoir. Some examples include blood, respiratory tract, skin
and mucous membranes, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the
transplacental route from mother to unborn infant. Ways to break this link include
wearing personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and
safe waste disposal
Means of Transmission - Correct answer-some microorganisms cannot travel on
their own and require a vehicle to carry them to other people and places.
Transmission can occur through direct and indirect contact
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Direct contact - Correct answer-direct physical contact with a body fluid such as
from an infected wound
Indirect contact - Correct answer-the fluids from a cough or sneeze that can land on
surfaces that are then touched by other people
Portal of Entry - Correct answer-the path for the microorganism to enter a new
host. Some paths are the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, mucous
membranes, and broken skin. Ways to break this link include using aseptic
technique when providing wound and catheter care
Susceptible Host - Correct answer-a person susceptible to the microorganism such
as those who are immunocompromised, diabetic, post-operative, or who have
extensive burns or cardiopulmonary disease etc. Ways to break this link include
vaccination, the recognition of high-risk clients, treatment of underlying disease
and maintaining a healthy lifestyle e.g. nutrition and exercise
Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is the Infection Prevention and Control preferred
product for performing hand hygiene, except: - Correct answer-a) when hands are
visibly soiled with food, dirt or blood and body fluids;
b) prior to, during, and after food handling;
c) immediately after using the washroom; and
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,d) when providing care for patients with diarrhea and/or vomiting.
Plain soap and water are recommended: - Correct answer-a) when hands are visibly
soiled with food, dirt or blood and body fluids;
b) following glove removal (doffing) when caring for patients with diarrhea and/or
vomiting;
c) prior to and, during, and after food handling; and
d) immediately after using washroom facilities
Antimicrobial (also called antiseptic) soap and water - Correct answer-only used
before surgical and/or prolonged invasive procedures, and shall not be used for
routine hand hygiene
Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) - Correct answer-means an AHS-provided liquid,
gel or foam formulation containing 60-90% alcohol which is applied to the hands
to reduce the number of transient microorganisms
donning - Correct answer-GMGG
doffing - Correct answer-GGGM
Isolation, also called additional precautions - Correct answer-the second tier of
precautions nurses use to prevent the spread of infections. These precautions are
designed to contain pathogens in one area, usually the patient's room
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, subcultures of patient safety - Correct answer-•Reporting culture
•Informed culture
•Flexible culture
•Learning culture
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL's) - Correct answer-more complex and
include such skills as shopping, preparing meals, managing finances, taking
medications. These are skills often needed to be independent in the community
Activities of daily (ADL's) - Correct answer-activities usually performed in the
course of a normal day including ambulation, eating, dressing, bathing, toileting,
brushing the teeth, and grooming
when a person performs the ROM activities on his or her own - Correct answer-
active range of motion
when another person such as a nurse performs the joint movements while the
patient is in prone and relaxed state - Correct answer-passive range of motion
ADLs (activities of daily living) - Correct answer-personal daily care tasks,
including bathing, skin, nail, and hair care, walking, eating and drinking, mouth
care, dressing, transferring, and toileting
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
