Act I, scene 1
Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains to his friends, Salarino and Solanio, that a
sadness has overtaken him and dulled his faculties, although he is at a loss to
explain why. Salarino and Solanio suggest that his sadness must be due to his
commercial investments, for Antonio has dispatched several trade ships to various
ports. Salarino says it is impossible for Antonio not to feel sad at the thought of the
perilous ocean sinking his entire investment, but Antonio assures his friends that his
business ventures do not depend on the safe passage of any one ship. Solanio then
declares that Antonio must be in love, but Antonio dismisses the suggestion.
The three men encounter Bassanio, Antonio’s kinsman, walking with two friends
named Lorenzo and Gratiano. Salarino and Solanio bid Antonio farewell and depart.
When Gratiano notices Antonio’s unhappiness and suggests that the merchant
worries too much about business, Antonio responds that he is but a player on a
stage, destined to play a sad part. Gratiano warns Antonio against becoming the
type of man who affects a solemn demeanor in order to gain a wise reputation, then
he takes his leave with Lorenzo. Bassanio jokes that Gratiano has terribly little to
say, claiming that his friend’s wise remarks prove as elusive as “two grains of wheat
hid in two bushels of chaff” (I.i.115–116). Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him about the
clandestine love that Bassanio is harboring. In reply, Bassanio admits that although
he already owes Antonio a substantial sum of money from his earlier, more
extravagant days, he has fallen in love with Portia, a rich heiress from Belmont, and
hopes to win her heart by holding his own with her other wealthy and powerful
suitors. In order to woo Portia, however, Bassanio says he needs to borrow more
money from Antonio. Antonio replies that he cannot give Bassanio another loan, as
all his money is tied up in his present business ventures, but offers to guarantee any
loan Bassanio can round up.
Summary
Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains to his friends, Salarino and Solanio, that a
sadness has overtaken him and dulled his faculties, although he is at a loss to
explain why. Salarino and Solanio suggest that his sadness must be due to his
commercial investments, for Antonio has dispatched several trade ships to various
ports. Salarino says it is impossible for Antonio not to feel sad at the thought of the
perilous ocean sinking his entire investment, but Antonio assures his friends that his
business ventures do not depend on the safe passage of any one ship. Solanio then
declares that Antonio must be in love, but Antonio dismisses the suggestion.
The three men encounter Bassanio, Antonio’s kinsman, walking with two friends
named Lorenzo and Gratiano. Salarino and Solanio bid Antonio farewell and depart.
When Gratiano notices Antonio’s unhappiness and suggests that the merchant
,worries too much about business, Antonio responds that he is but a player on a
stage, destined to play a sad part. Gratiano warns Antonio against becoming the
type of man who affects a solemn demeanor in order to gain a wise reputation, then
he takes his leave with Lorenzo. Bassanio jokes that Gratiano has terribly little to
say, claiming that his friend’s wise remarks prove as elusive as “two grains of wheat
hid in two bushels of chaff” (I.i.115–116). Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him about the
clandestine love that Bassanio is harboring. In reply, Bassanio admits that although
he already owes Antonio a substantial sum of money from his earlier, more
extravagant days, he has fallen in love with Portia, a rich heiress from Belmont, and
hopes to win her heart by holding his own with her other wealthy and powerful
suitors. In order to woo Portia, however, Bassanio says he needs to borrow more
money from Antonio. Antonio replies that he cannot give Bassanio another loan, as
all his money is tied up in his present business ventures, but offers to guarantee any
loan Bassanio can round up.
Analysis: Act I, scenes 1-2
The first scene of the play introduces us to a world of wealthy, upper-class Christian
men living in Venice. Their conversation reveals that they are men of business who
take great risks with money and are careful to avoid seeming overly concerned
about their investments. For example, Antonio calmly denies his associates’
suggestion that he is worried about his ships, and Salarino’s description of a
shipwreck, with silks enrobing the roaring waters and spices scattered upon the
stream, is lyrical and poetic rather than practical or business-minded. Significantly,
the conversation throughout this opening scene is not really about business, but
rather Antonio’s emotional state—his friends see it as their duty to cheer him up. We
may infer that money is very important to these men, but the code of manners that
they share requires them to act as though friendship, camaraderie, and good cheer
matter more than money. For example, Salarino excuses himself by asserting that
his only concern is to make Antonio merry and that he is leaving because better
friends have arrived, but Antonio knows that Salarino is leaving to attend to his own
business affairs. The Christian men of the play share a certain set of values, but
these values are not always entirely consistent or self-evident.
However, if the professions of affection between Antonio and the other merchants
simply seem like good manners, Antonio’s loyalty toward his friend Bassanio is
obviously quite sincere. Where Bassanio is concerned, love and friendship really are
more important to Antonio than money. When Bassanio asks for help, Antonio
promptly offers all of his money and credit, insisting that they go straightaway to a
lender so he can stand as security for Bassanio. Antonio’s defining characteristic is
his willingness to do anything for his friend Bassanio, even lay down his life. Beyond
this willingness to sacrifice himself for Bassanio, Antonio is a relatively passive
, character. He begins the play in a dreamy melancholy that he does not know how to
cure, and throughout the play he never takes decisive action in the way that
Bassanio, Portia, and various other characters do. He approaches life with a
pensive, resigned, wait-and-see attitude, like a merchant waiting for his ships to
return
One possible explanation for Antonio’s melancholy is that he is hopelessly in love
with Bassanio. Although he never admits it, the evidence suggests that he is in love
with somebody. His friends think he is in love, and while he denies the suggestion
that he is worried about his ships with a calm, well-reasoned argument, he responds
to the suggestion that he is in love with a simple “[f]ie, fie” (I.i.46). Moreover,
melancholy was traditionally regarded as a symptom of lovesickness in
Shakespeare’s time, yet no female lover for Antonio is alluded to in the play. Antonio
is extravagant in his professions of love for Bassanio, and while extravagant
protestations of love between upper-class men were not considered abnormal at the
time, we may hear a double entendre in his assurance that “[m]y purse, my person,
my extremest means / Lie all unlocked to your occasions” (I.i.138–139). The explicit
sense of this statement is that Antonio will make himself and his physical person
available to help Bassanio, but it could be construed to mean that his body, or
person, is available for Bassanio’s pleasure. The idea that Antonio is in love with
Bassanio would explain his motivation for risking his life, as well as lend his
character a certain poignancy, as Antonio puts his own life and wealth in jeopardy to
help Bassanio woo someone else.
Act I, scene 2 introduces Portia, the heroine of the play, and establishes the casket
test through which she will find a husband. After we see more of Portia, her
compliance with her dead father’s instructions may seem odd, as she proves to be
an extremely independent and strong-willed character. However, her adherence to
her father’s will establishes an important aspect of her character: she plays by the
rules. Her strict adherence to laws and other strictures makes her an interesting
counterpoint to Shylock, the play’s villain, whom we meet in the next scene.
Because Portia is such a fabulously wealthy heiress, the only men eligible to court
her are from the highest end of the social strata. As a result, the competition
between her suitors is international, including noblemen from various parts of
Europe and even Africa. Portia’s description of her previous suitors serves as a
vehicle for Shakespeare to satirize the noblemen of France, Scotland, Germany,
and England for the amusement of his English audience. At the end of the scene,
the arrival of the prince of Morocco is announced, introducing a suitor who is racially
and culturally more distant from Portia than her previous suitors. The casket test
seems designed to give an equal chance to all of these different noblemen, so the
competition for Portia’s hand and wealth in Belmont parallels the financial
community of Venice, which is also organized to include men of many nations,
Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains to his friends, Salarino and Solanio, that a
sadness has overtaken him and dulled his faculties, although he is at a loss to
explain why. Salarino and Solanio suggest that his sadness must be due to his
commercial investments, for Antonio has dispatched several trade ships to various
ports. Salarino says it is impossible for Antonio not to feel sad at the thought of the
perilous ocean sinking his entire investment, but Antonio assures his friends that his
business ventures do not depend on the safe passage of any one ship. Solanio then
declares that Antonio must be in love, but Antonio dismisses the suggestion.
The three men encounter Bassanio, Antonio’s kinsman, walking with two friends
named Lorenzo and Gratiano. Salarino and Solanio bid Antonio farewell and depart.
When Gratiano notices Antonio’s unhappiness and suggests that the merchant
worries too much about business, Antonio responds that he is but a player on a
stage, destined to play a sad part. Gratiano warns Antonio against becoming the
type of man who affects a solemn demeanor in order to gain a wise reputation, then
he takes his leave with Lorenzo. Bassanio jokes that Gratiano has terribly little to
say, claiming that his friend’s wise remarks prove as elusive as “two grains of wheat
hid in two bushels of chaff” (I.i.115–116). Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him about the
clandestine love that Bassanio is harboring. In reply, Bassanio admits that although
he already owes Antonio a substantial sum of money from his earlier, more
extravagant days, he has fallen in love with Portia, a rich heiress from Belmont, and
hopes to win her heart by holding his own with her other wealthy and powerful
suitors. In order to woo Portia, however, Bassanio says he needs to borrow more
money from Antonio. Antonio replies that he cannot give Bassanio another loan, as
all his money is tied up in his present business ventures, but offers to guarantee any
loan Bassanio can round up.
Summary
Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains to his friends, Salarino and Solanio, that a
sadness has overtaken him and dulled his faculties, although he is at a loss to
explain why. Salarino and Solanio suggest that his sadness must be due to his
commercial investments, for Antonio has dispatched several trade ships to various
ports. Salarino says it is impossible for Antonio not to feel sad at the thought of the
perilous ocean sinking his entire investment, but Antonio assures his friends that his
business ventures do not depend on the safe passage of any one ship. Solanio then
declares that Antonio must be in love, but Antonio dismisses the suggestion.
The three men encounter Bassanio, Antonio’s kinsman, walking with two friends
named Lorenzo and Gratiano. Salarino and Solanio bid Antonio farewell and depart.
When Gratiano notices Antonio’s unhappiness and suggests that the merchant
,worries too much about business, Antonio responds that he is but a player on a
stage, destined to play a sad part. Gratiano warns Antonio against becoming the
type of man who affects a solemn demeanor in order to gain a wise reputation, then
he takes his leave with Lorenzo. Bassanio jokes that Gratiano has terribly little to
say, claiming that his friend’s wise remarks prove as elusive as “two grains of wheat
hid in two bushels of chaff” (I.i.115–116). Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him about the
clandestine love that Bassanio is harboring. In reply, Bassanio admits that although
he already owes Antonio a substantial sum of money from his earlier, more
extravagant days, he has fallen in love with Portia, a rich heiress from Belmont, and
hopes to win her heart by holding his own with her other wealthy and powerful
suitors. In order to woo Portia, however, Bassanio says he needs to borrow more
money from Antonio. Antonio replies that he cannot give Bassanio another loan, as
all his money is tied up in his present business ventures, but offers to guarantee any
loan Bassanio can round up.
Analysis: Act I, scenes 1-2
The first scene of the play introduces us to a world of wealthy, upper-class Christian
men living in Venice. Their conversation reveals that they are men of business who
take great risks with money and are careful to avoid seeming overly concerned
about their investments. For example, Antonio calmly denies his associates’
suggestion that he is worried about his ships, and Salarino’s description of a
shipwreck, with silks enrobing the roaring waters and spices scattered upon the
stream, is lyrical and poetic rather than practical or business-minded. Significantly,
the conversation throughout this opening scene is not really about business, but
rather Antonio’s emotional state—his friends see it as their duty to cheer him up. We
may infer that money is very important to these men, but the code of manners that
they share requires them to act as though friendship, camaraderie, and good cheer
matter more than money. For example, Salarino excuses himself by asserting that
his only concern is to make Antonio merry and that he is leaving because better
friends have arrived, but Antonio knows that Salarino is leaving to attend to his own
business affairs. The Christian men of the play share a certain set of values, but
these values are not always entirely consistent or self-evident.
However, if the professions of affection between Antonio and the other merchants
simply seem like good manners, Antonio’s loyalty toward his friend Bassanio is
obviously quite sincere. Where Bassanio is concerned, love and friendship really are
more important to Antonio than money. When Bassanio asks for help, Antonio
promptly offers all of his money and credit, insisting that they go straightaway to a
lender so he can stand as security for Bassanio. Antonio’s defining characteristic is
his willingness to do anything for his friend Bassanio, even lay down his life. Beyond
this willingness to sacrifice himself for Bassanio, Antonio is a relatively passive
, character. He begins the play in a dreamy melancholy that he does not know how to
cure, and throughout the play he never takes decisive action in the way that
Bassanio, Portia, and various other characters do. He approaches life with a
pensive, resigned, wait-and-see attitude, like a merchant waiting for his ships to
return
One possible explanation for Antonio’s melancholy is that he is hopelessly in love
with Bassanio. Although he never admits it, the evidence suggests that he is in love
with somebody. His friends think he is in love, and while he denies the suggestion
that he is worried about his ships with a calm, well-reasoned argument, he responds
to the suggestion that he is in love with a simple “[f]ie, fie” (I.i.46). Moreover,
melancholy was traditionally regarded as a symptom of lovesickness in
Shakespeare’s time, yet no female lover for Antonio is alluded to in the play. Antonio
is extravagant in his professions of love for Bassanio, and while extravagant
protestations of love between upper-class men were not considered abnormal at the
time, we may hear a double entendre in his assurance that “[m]y purse, my person,
my extremest means / Lie all unlocked to your occasions” (I.i.138–139). The explicit
sense of this statement is that Antonio will make himself and his physical person
available to help Bassanio, but it could be construed to mean that his body, or
person, is available for Bassanio’s pleasure. The idea that Antonio is in love with
Bassanio would explain his motivation for risking his life, as well as lend his
character a certain poignancy, as Antonio puts his own life and wealth in jeopardy to
help Bassanio woo someone else.
Act I, scene 2 introduces Portia, the heroine of the play, and establishes the casket
test through which she will find a husband. After we see more of Portia, her
compliance with her dead father’s instructions may seem odd, as she proves to be
an extremely independent and strong-willed character. However, her adherence to
her father’s will establishes an important aspect of her character: she plays by the
rules. Her strict adherence to laws and other strictures makes her an interesting
counterpoint to Shylock, the play’s villain, whom we meet in the next scene.
Because Portia is such a fabulously wealthy heiress, the only men eligible to court
her are from the highest end of the social strata. As a result, the competition
between her suitors is international, including noblemen from various parts of
Europe and even Africa. Portia’s description of her previous suitors serves as a
vehicle for Shakespeare to satirize the noblemen of France, Scotland, Germany,
and England for the amusement of his English audience. At the end of the scene,
the arrival of the prince of Morocco is announced, introducing a suitor who is racially
and culturally more distant from Portia than her previous suitors. The casket test
seems designed to give an equal chance to all of these different noblemen, so the
competition for Portia’s hand and wealth in Belmont parallels the financial
community of Venice, which is also organized to include men of many nations,
