PNVN 1631 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. What is left sided heart failure related to? - ANSWER ✓ Lungs, leads to
pulmonary edema, Dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary crackles, wheezing, pink
frothy sputum and couch
2. What is the master pacemaker? - ANSWER ✓ SA node
3. When a pt is refusing meds how do you communicate? - ANSWER ✓ get
clarification as to why
4. If a pt is scared of lightening how would you communicate with them if they
have ECG wiring on? - ANSWER ✓ Identify the problem, reassure them
and educate them
5. For a pt on bed rest how do you decrease chances of blood clot? - ANSWER
✓ ambulation
6. What machine should you have on site in case of V-fib? - ANSWER ✓
defibrillator (AED)
7. A pt who has an abdominal aortic aneurism is really concerned, how do you
communicate with them? - ANSWER ✓ Clarification, restate, educate
8. How do you prevent tolerance for a pt who is constantly on nitrates? -
ANSWER ✓ intermittent brakes
9. When do you administer diuretics? - ANSWER ✓ in the morning
,10.What do diuretics do? - ANSWER ✓ increase in urine output by secreting
excess fluid
11.What do diuretics deplete? - ANSWER ✓ potassium (K+)
12.S/S of MI for men - ANSWER ✓ numbness in left arm radiating up to neck,
jaw teeth, and epigastric area
13.S/S of MI for women - ANSWER ✓ Epigastric pain commonly
misdiagnosed as heartburn, unusual fatigue, sleep disturbance, SOB,
weakness and anxiety
14.Order of blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER ✓ Systemic circulation
starts at Left ventricle ends at Right atrium
Pulmonary circulation starts at right ventricle ends at left atrium
15.Deoxygenated blood enters the heart at the right atrium flows to the right
ventricle through the tricuspid valve then goes through the pulmonary valve
to the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and then oxygenated blood enters the
left atrium and goes to the left ventricle through the mitral valve then goes
through the aortic valve to the aorta and the rest of the body
16.Food items low in sodium (NA+)? - ANSWER ✓ Squash
17.What causes carditis? - ANSWER ✓ Bacterial infection spread throughout
the body usually from the mouth such as tooth extraction or poor hygiene
18.What is the SA node? - ANSWER ✓ Pacemaker of the heart
19.NYHA class 1 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ No symptoms and no limitation
in ordinary physical activity, e.g. shortness of breath when walking,
climbing stairs etc.
20.NYHA class 2 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Mild symptoms (mild shortness
of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity.
,21.NYHA class 3 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Marked limitation in activity due
to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short
distances (20—100 m).Comfortable only at rest.
22.NYHA class 4 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Severe limitations. Experiences
symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients.
23.Grade 1 edema - ANSWER ✓ 0-2 mm indentation, rebounds immediately
24.Grade 2 edema - ANSWER ✓ 3-4 mm indentation, rebounds in <15 seconds
25.Grade 3 edema - ANSWER ✓ 5-6 mm indentation, up to 30-60 seconds to
rebound
26.Grade 4 edema - ANSWER ✓ 8 mm indentation
Up to 2-5 minutes to rebound
27.What does an electrocardiogram measure and what would indicate a fatal
outcome? - ANSWER ✓ Ejection fraction
V-tach & V-fib (must take immediate action)
28.What education should you provide to a patient taking Nitroglycerin? -
ANSWER ✓ Administer 3 times in intervals of 5 minutes. If not improved,
seek immediate medical attention.
29.Normal HDL levels - ANSWER ✓ 40-60 mg/dL
Considered the good cholesterol.
30.Normal LDL levels - ANSWER ✓ Less than 100 mg/dL
Considered bad cholesterol.
31.S/S of Angina - ANSWER ✓ -Substernal pain: radiating, heavy, squeezing,
pressing, feeling of apprehension
-Dyspnea
-Tachycardia, palpitations
-Diaphoresis, pallor, weakness
-ST segment depression or T wave inversion
, 32.What blood tests would be ordered for someone suspected of having an MI?
- ANSWER ✓ CKMB-Measures damage to muscles and can sometimes
have a false positive.
Troponin-Measures damage to the bands in the heart muscles.
33.What would red frothy sputum indicate? - ANSWER ✓ Pulmonary edema-
Sit the patient in a dependent position while sitting upright.
34.Per the AHA, how often should you get a lipid panel done? - ANSWER ✓ 4-
6 years
35.What does someone with a terminal illness normally mean by "they don't
want to be a burden on their family"? - ANSWER ✓ To make (someone)
hold or carry something heavy or accept or deal with something difficult
36.What is the healthcare philosophy of hospice care? - ANSWER ✓ Accepts
death as the final stage of life: it affirms life, but does not try to hasten or
postpone death
37.Why do we give Statins (HMGCoA) at bedtime? - ANSWER ✓ The enzyme
which makes the cholesterol is more active at night (peak).
38.What are the effects of antilipid drugs? - ANSWER ✓ Lowers LDL and
decreases the total cholesterol levels.
39.What patient education should be givin for someone taking ACE inhibitors?
- ANSWER ✓ Rise slowly or may become dizzy
Watch for excessive diaphoresis
40.How would you know if ARB or BP meds are working? - ANSWER ✓ If
the BP decreases like expected
41.What is MAP? - ANSWER ✓ Mean arterial pressure that measures pressure
through each cycle of the heart
42.When should you discontinue beta-blockers? - ANSWER ✓ If the patient
begins wheezing as it is an antagonist
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. What is left sided heart failure related to? - ANSWER ✓ Lungs, leads to
pulmonary edema, Dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary crackles, wheezing, pink
frothy sputum and couch
2. What is the master pacemaker? - ANSWER ✓ SA node
3. When a pt is refusing meds how do you communicate? - ANSWER ✓ get
clarification as to why
4. If a pt is scared of lightening how would you communicate with them if they
have ECG wiring on? - ANSWER ✓ Identify the problem, reassure them
and educate them
5. For a pt on bed rest how do you decrease chances of blood clot? - ANSWER
✓ ambulation
6. What machine should you have on site in case of V-fib? - ANSWER ✓
defibrillator (AED)
7. A pt who has an abdominal aortic aneurism is really concerned, how do you
communicate with them? - ANSWER ✓ Clarification, restate, educate
8. How do you prevent tolerance for a pt who is constantly on nitrates? -
ANSWER ✓ intermittent brakes
9. When do you administer diuretics? - ANSWER ✓ in the morning
,10.What do diuretics do? - ANSWER ✓ increase in urine output by secreting
excess fluid
11.What do diuretics deplete? - ANSWER ✓ potassium (K+)
12.S/S of MI for men - ANSWER ✓ numbness in left arm radiating up to neck,
jaw teeth, and epigastric area
13.S/S of MI for women - ANSWER ✓ Epigastric pain commonly
misdiagnosed as heartburn, unusual fatigue, sleep disturbance, SOB,
weakness and anxiety
14.Order of blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER ✓ Systemic circulation
starts at Left ventricle ends at Right atrium
Pulmonary circulation starts at right ventricle ends at left atrium
15.Deoxygenated blood enters the heart at the right atrium flows to the right
ventricle through the tricuspid valve then goes through the pulmonary valve
to the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and then oxygenated blood enters the
left atrium and goes to the left ventricle through the mitral valve then goes
through the aortic valve to the aorta and the rest of the body
16.Food items low in sodium (NA+)? - ANSWER ✓ Squash
17.What causes carditis? - ANSWER ✓ Bacterial infection spread throughout
the body usually from the mouth such as tooth extraction or poor hygiene
18.What is the SA node? - ANSWER ✓ Pacemaker of the heart
19.NYHA class 1 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ No symptoms and no limitation
in ordinary physical activity, e.g. shortness of breath when walking,
climbing stairs etc.
20.NYHA class 2 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Mild symptoms (mild shortness
of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity.
,21.NYHA class 3 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Marked limitation in activity due
to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short
distances (20—100 m).Comfortable only at rest.
22.NYHA class 4 heart failure - ANSWER ✓ Severe limitations. Experiences
symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients.
23.Grade 1 edema - ANSWER ✓ 0-2 mm indentation, rebounds immediately
24.Grade 2 edema - ANSWER ✓ 3-4 mm indentation, rebounds in <15 seconds
25.Grade 3 edema - ANSWER ✓ 5-6 mm indentation, up to 30-60 seconds to
rebound
26.Grade 4 edema - ANSWER ✓ 8 mm indentation
Up to 2-5 minutes to rebound
27.What does an electrocardiogram measure and what would indicate a fatal
outcome? - ANSWER ✓ Ejection fraction
V-tach & V-fib (must take immediate action)
28.What education should you provide to a patient taking Nitroglycerin? -
ANSWER ✓ Administer 3 times in intervals of 5 minutes. If not improved,
seek immediate medical attention.
29.Normal HDL levels - ANSWER ✓ 40-60 mg/dL
Considered the good cholesterol.
30.Normal LDL levels - ANSWER ✓ Less than 100 mg/dL
Considered bad cholesterol.
31.S/S of Angina - ANSWER ✓ -Substernal pain: radiating, heavy, squeezing,
pressing, feeling of apprehension
-Dyspnea
-Tachycardia, palpitations
-Diaphoresis, pallor, weakness
-ST segment depression or T wave inversion
, 32.What blood tests would be ordered for someone suspected of having an MI?
- ANSWER ✓ CKMB-Measures damage to muscles and can sometimes
have a false positive.
Troponin-Measures damage to the bands in the heart muscles.
33.What would red frothy sputum indicate? - ANSWER ✓ Pulmonary edema-
Sit the patient in a dependent position while sitting upright.
34.Per the AHA, how often should you get a lipid panel done? - ANSWER ✓ 4-
6 years
35.What does someone with a terminal illness normally mean by "they don't
want to be a burden on their family"? - ANSWER ✓ To make (someone)
hold or carry something heavy or accept or deal with something difficult
36.What is the healthcare philosophy of hospice care? - ANSWER ✓ Accepts
death as the final stage of life: it affirms life, but does not try to hasten or
postpone death
37.Why do we give Statins (HMGCoA) at bedtime? - ANSWER ✓ The enzyme
which makes the cholesterol is more active at night (peak).
38.What are the effects of antilipid drugs? - ANSWER ✓ Lowers LDL and
decreases the total cholesterol levels.
39.What patient education should be givin for someone taking ACE inhibitors?
- ANSWER ✓ Rise slowly or may become dizzy
Watch for excessive diaphoresis
40.How would you know if ARB or BP meds are working? - ANSWER ✓ If
the BP decreases like expected
41.What is MAP? - ANSWER ✓ Mean arterial pressure that measures pressure
through each cycle of the heart
42.When should you discontinue beta-blockers? - ANSWER ✓ If the patient
begins wheezing as it is an antagonist
