Assignment 1 Semester 2 2025
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Due Date: 20 August 2025
2 ESSAYS PROVIDED
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND ITS DISTINCTIONS WITH
HUMANITARIAN, CRIMINAL, AND REFUGEE LAW
INTRODUCTION
International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has emerged as one of the most critical branches of
Public International Law (PIL). It focuses on the protection and promotion of the fundamental
rights and freedoms of individuals and groups at both international and national levels. Its
significance was firmly established after the Second World War with the founding of the
United Nations (UN) in 1945 and the subsequent adoption of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. Before this turning point, efforts to safeguard human dignity
were scattered across other legal disciplines such as humanitarian law and labour law.
Today, IHRL stands as a comprehensive and specialised field that addresses violations of
human dignity in peacetime and during conflict, serving as a legal shield against abuses by
state actors and others in power. This essay defines international human rights law and
distinguishes it from humanitarian law, international criminal law, and international refugee
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