PREPERATION 2017 – 2020
ASSIGNMENTS / EXAMINATIONS
PAPERS WORKED OUT
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Introduction to research in communication
Term Definition
refers to observations or experience; empirical
Empirical methodologies in communication are based on or are
derived from experiences with observable phenomena
Characteristic of research; results of one study lead to more
Heuristic
questions
Tentative, educated guess or proposition about the
relationship between two or more variables; often,
Hypothesis
hypotheses take the form of statements like “if x occurs,
they y will follow,” or as x increases, so will y
Research that is commissioned by an individual or
Proprietary research
organization for it’s private use
Research in which the researchers is the primary observer,
Qualitative methods
or data collector
Quantitative methods Research that relies on numerical measurement
Questions that ask for definitions or phenomena in which we
Questions of fact
are interested
Questions of policy Questions that ask for evaluation of procedures or programs
Questions that ask for individuals’ subjective evaluations on
Questions of value issues and phenomena, usually about the aesthetic or
normative features of communication
Questions of variable Questions that examine if. How, and the degree to which
relations phenomena are related
The discovery of answers to questions thought the
Research
application of scientific and systematic procedures
Question that asks what the tentative relationship among
Research question variables might be or asks about the state or nature of
some communication phenomenon
Research conducted through the use of scientific and
Social science
systematic methods; based on the assumption that
research
research can uncover patterns in the lives of people
Related set of ideas that explains how or why something
happens; present a systematic view of the phenomenon;
Theory
and specifies the relationship among the concepts with the
objective of describing, explaining, and predicating the
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phenomenon
The research process
Term Definition
Reasoning process in which researcher begins with a
theory and then gathers evidence, or data, to assess
Deductive
whether the theory is correct’ generally used with
quantitative research methods
Reasoning process in which data tare gathered and
examined, hypotheses are formulated, and eventually
Inductive
theories are developed in response to what the data
reveal; generally used with qualitative research methods
Introduction to Quantitative Research
Term Definition
Variable manipulated by the researcher; presumably, this
manipulation, or variation, is the cause of change in other
Antecedent variable variables; also referred to as independent variable,
experimental variable, treatment variable, and causal
variable
Variable manipulated by the researcher; presumably, this
manipulation, or variation, is the cause of change in other
Causal variable variables; also referred to as antecedent variable,
experimental variable, treatment variable, and
independent variable
Abstract idea or way thinking about something that helps
Concept us distinguish it from other elements; can be an object,
event, relationship, or process
A set of concepts connected together to form an
integrated whole that specifies and clarifies the
Conceptual scheme relationships among them; individually, each concept
describes a unique process; as a group, the concepts still
retain common characteristics
Confounding variable Variable that confuses or obscures the effect of one
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