Transportation Engineering, Pavement &
Geometric Design
Assessment 01 Answers
Year 2025
0027 63 985 5033
,
,
,
,
,
,QUESTION 1
1.1 How Drones Aid Road Design
1. Aerial Surveying and Mapping
• Drones can quickly cover large areas to capture high-resolution aerial imagery.
• They can be equipped with high-definition cameras, LiDAR, or multispectral
sensors to produce detailed topographical maps and 3D models of the terrain.
These maps help engineers understand elevation changes, contours, and natural
features before laying out the road corridor.
2. Improved Data Accuracy and Efficiency
• Traditional ground surveys can be time-consuming and may not easily capture
remote or hazardous areas. Drones reduce survey time and cost while increasing
data accuracy.
• The data collected can be imported into GIS (Geographical Information Systems)
or CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software, enabling precise planning of road
alignment, grading, and drainage systems.
3. Monitoring and Construction Management
• During construction, drones help monitor progress and perform regular
inspections of road segments. This ensures that construction adheres to the
design tolerances and helps spot potential issues (like erosion or drainage
problems) at an early stage.
• Their ability to provide regular, up-to-date imagery is invaluable for ongoing
maintenance and asset management throughout the road’s lifecycle.
4. Safety and Accessibility
• Some areas along proposed road routes can be dangerous or difficult for survey
crews to access (steep terrain, dense vegetation, etc.). Drones can safely gather
data in these locations without endangering personnel.
• Using drones in the design phase can help assess environmental impacts and
identify hazards before construction begins, which has both safety and
environmental benefits.
, Sources
1. DroneDeploy – A leading provider of drone mapping software that explains how
aerial mapping is used in infrastructure: Link: https://www.dronedeploy.com/use-
cases/infrastructure
2. Geospatial World – An article discussing how drones are revolutionizing
infrastructure surveys including road design: Link:
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/impact-of-drone-technology-on-infrastructure-
infrastructure/
3. DJI Enterprise – A major drone manufacturer that outlines how drone solutions are
being used in construction and infrastructure management: Link:
https://enterprise.dji.com/solutions
1.2 Given:
ADT = 16 000 veh/ day
K factor = 0.11
Annual traffic growth = 4.5%
Directional distribution factor = 0.6
Lane capacity = 650 veh/ h
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 (𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) = 𝐴𝐷𝑇 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) × 𝑔𝑥
𝑔𝑥 = (1 + 0.01𝑖)𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠) = 16 000(1 + 0.01 × 4.5)10 = 24 847.51 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝑘 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 0.11 × 24 847.51 = 2733.23 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝐷𝐻𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2733.23 × 0.6 = 1639.94 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ ℎ/𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The directional design hourly volume after 10 years = 1640 veh/h/direction
Number of lanes = DDHV/Lane capacity
= 1639.94/650 = 2.52
So at least 3 lanes will be needed in one direction, making it a 6 – lane divided road. Widening
will be necessary—from 4 lanes (2 in each direction) to 6 lanes (3 in each direction) after 10
years.
Geometric Design
Assessment 01 Answers
Year 2025
0027 63 985 5033
,
,
,
,
,
,QUESTION 1
1.1 How Drones Aid Road Design
1. Aerial Surveying and Mapping
• Drones can quickly cover large areas to capture high-resolution aerial imagery.
• They can be equipped with high-definition cameras, LiDAR, or multispectral
sensors to produce detailed topographical maps and 3D models of the terrain.
These maps help engineers understand elevation changes, contours, and natural
features before laying out the road corridor.
2. Improved Data Accuracy and Efficiency
• Traditional ground surveys can be time-consuming and may not easily capture
remote or hazardous areas. Drones reduce survey time and cost while increasing
data accuracy.
• The data collected can be imported into GIS (Geographical Information Systems)
or CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software, enabling precise planning of road
alignment, grading, and drainage systems.
3. Monitoring and Construction Management
• During construction, drones help monitor progress and perform regular
inspections of road segments. This ensures that construction adheres to the
design tolerances and helps spot potential issues (like erosion or drainage
problems) at an early stage.
• Their ability to provide regular, up-to-date imagery is invaluable for ongoing
maintenance and asset management throughout the road’s lifecycle.
4. Safety and Accessibility
• Some areas along proposed road routes can be dangerous or difficult for survey
crews to access (steep terrain, dense vegetation, etc.). Drones can safely gather
data in these locations without endangering personnel.
• Using drones in the design phase can help assess environmental impacts and
identify hazards before construction begins, which has both safety and
environmental benefits.
, Sources
1. DroneDeploy – A leading provider of drone mapping software that explains how
aerial mapping is used in infrastructure: Link: https://www.dronedeploy.com/use-
cases/infrastructure
2. Geospatial World – An article discussing how drones are revolutionizing
infrastructure surveys including road design: Link:
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/impact-of-drone-technology-on-infrastructure-
infrastructure/
3. DJI Enterprise – A major drone manufacturer that outlines how drone solutions are
being used in construction and infrastructure management: Link:
https://enterprise.dji.com/solutions
1.2 Given:
ADT = 16 000 veh/ day
K factor = 0.11
Annual traffic growth = 4.5%
Directional distribution factor = 0.6
Lane capacity = 650 veh/ h
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 (𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) = 𝐴𝐷𝑇 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) × 𝑔𝑥
𝑔𝑥 = (1 + 0.01𝑖)𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠) = 16 000(1 + 0.01 × 4.5)10 = 24 847.51 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝑘 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 0.11 × 24 847.51 = 2733.23 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝐷𝐻𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2733.23 × 0.6 = 1639.94 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ ℎ/𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The directional design hourly volume after 10 years = 1640 veh/h/direction
Number of lanes = DDHV/Lane capacity
= 1639.94/650 = 2.52
So at least 3 lanes will be needed in one direction, making it a 6 – lane divided road. Widening
will be necessary—from 4 lanes (2 in each direction) to 6 lanes (3 in each direction) after 10
years.
