HESI Exit Pathophysiology
Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis - ✔✔- ANS: Inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain - ✔✔- ANS: Signs of Inflammation
Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response - ✔✔- ANS: Interleukins
Proteins that primarily protect against viral infection and modulate inflammation
(does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected) - ✔✔- ANS: Interferons
Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria - ✔✔- ANS: TNF-alpha effects
Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis - ✔✔- ANS: Systemic Signs of inflammation
Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
Presence of giant cells - ✔✔- ANS: Chronic Inflammation
complete return to normal structure and function - ✔✔- ANS: Regeneration
returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure - ✔✔- ANS:
Resolution
,replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as original tissue -
✔✔- ANS: Repair
when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line - ✔✔- ANS:
Dehiscence
Wound edges are approximated until healing occurs - ✔✔- ANS: Primary
Intention (1st intention)
Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require gradual filling in of dead
space with connective tissue. Wounds left open - ✔✔- ANS: Secondary Intention
Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then approximated - ✔✔-
ANS: Third (tertiary)
Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent. Burn wounds
especially susceptible. - ✔✔- ANS: Contracture
Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies - ✔✔- ANS: Antigens
vs Immunogens
Most abundant
Protective against infection - ✔✔- ANS: IgG
Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes - ✔✔- ANS: IgA
First antibody produced during initial or primary response - ✔✔- ANS: IgM
Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites - ✔✔- ANS: IgE
Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
, Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction - ✔✔- ANS: Anaphylaxis
*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE - ✔✔- ANS: Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic
*ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement - ✔✔- ANS: Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic
*ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE; Acute Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes - ✔✔- ANS: Type III: Immune Complex
*ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis, Transplant rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells - ✔✔- ANS: Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed
*P:* Autoantibodies against nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell
products. Causes inflammatory lesions in organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia - ✔✔- ANS: Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune
Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic - ✔✔- ANS: Incubation Period
Initial Ambiguous Symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Prodromal Period
Invasion
Specific Symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Invasion Period
Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Convalescence
Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis - ✔✔- ANS: Inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain - ✔✔- ANS: Signs of Inflammation
Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response - ✔✔- ANS: Interleukins
Proteins that primarily protect against viral infection and modulate inflammation
(does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected) - ✔✔- ANS: Interferons
Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria - ✔✔- ANS: TNF-alpha effects
Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis - ✔✔- ANS: Systemic Signs of inflammation
Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
Presence of giant cells - ✔✔- ANS: Chronic Inflammation
complete return to normal structure and function - ✔✔- ANS: Regeneration
returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure - ✔✔- ANS:
Resolution
,replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as original tissue -
✔✔- ANS: Repair
when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line - ✔✔- ANS:
Dehiscence
Wound edges are approximated until healing occurs - ✔✔- ANS: Primary
Intention (1st intention)
Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require gradual filling in of dead
space with connective tissue. Wounds left open - ✔✔- ANS: Secondary Intention
Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then approximated - ✔✔-
ANS: Third (tertiary)
Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent. Burn wounds
especially susceptible. - ✔✔- ANS: Contracture
Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies - ✔✔- ANS: Antigens
vs Immunogens
Most abundant
Protective against infection - ✔✔- ANS: IgG
Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes - ✔✔- ANS: IgA
First antibody produced during initial or primary response - ✔✔- ANS: IgM
Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites - ✔✔- ANS: IgE
Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
, Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction - ✔✔- ANS: Anaphylaxis
*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE - ✔✔- ANS: Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic
*ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement - ✔✔- ANS: Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic
*ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE; Acute Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes - ✔✔- ANS: Type III: Immune Complex
*ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis, Transplant rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells - ✔✔- ANS: Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed
*P:* Autoantibodies against nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell
products. Causes inflammatory lesions in organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia - ✔✔- ANS: Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune
Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic - ✔✔- ANS: Incubation Period
Initial Ambiguous Symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Prodromal Period
Invasion
Specific Symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Invasion Period
Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms - ✔✔- ANS: Convalescence
