NURS 711 Quiz 2 With Verified Solutions @ 2024
initial immune response - Answer 1- Macrophages recognized the pathogen and activate
the innate immune system
2- Dendritic cells pick up antigens from the pathogen-> move down blood and lymph
system to B&T cells
3- Activates complement system
Inflammation - Answer -2nd line of defense
-highly efficient local and systemic response to:
limit extent of damage
protect against infection
initiate repair damaged tissue
Innate Immumity - Answer -Natural epithelial barriers and inflammation
-Confers innate resistance and protection
Acquired or Adaptive Immunity - Answer -3rd line of defense
-adaptive process set off by inflammation in response to infection
-results in long term, effective immunity to the infecting organism
-has memory to target and right off a 2nd infection
Inflammatory Response - Answer -2nd line of defense; activated if natural barriers are
breached
Natural barriers - Answer -physical/mechanical
- biochemical
,-1st line of defense
(used to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection and promote healing)
physical/mechanical barriers - Answer tightly wound epithelial cells of the skin &
membrane linings: GI, GU and respiratory tracts
Biochemical barriers - Answer Epithelial surfaces synthesize and secrete substances:
mucous, sweat, tears, saliva, earwax
Classis symptoms of inflammation - Answer -redness (erythema)- from vasodilation and
increased blood flow
-heat- from vasodilation and increased blood flow
-pain- from pressure exerted by exudate accumulation, prostaglandins and bradykinins
-swelling- from exudate accumulation and fluid from capillary permeability
-loss of function may also occur
Exudative Fluids - Answer Serous exudate: Watery exudate that indicates early
inflammation
Fibrinous exudate: Thick, clotted exudate that indicates more advanced inflammation
Purulent exudate: Pus that indicates a bacterial infection
Hemorrhagic exudate: Exudate contains blood that indicates bleeding
benefits of inflammation - Answer 1- prevention of infection
2- control of inflammatory process through increased protein synthesis, plasma,
enzymes and cells
3- Influx of macrophages & lymphocytes as needed
4- prepare site for healing
Plasma Protein Systems - Answer Complement system
, Clotting system (coagulation)
Kinin system
Complement system - Answer A group of plasma proteins that can destroy pathogens
directly or can activate or collaborate with innate and adaptive immune responses
3 complement pathways - Answer 1. Classical
2. Lectin
3. Alternative
classical pathway of complement activation - Answer -activated by proteins of the
adaptive immune system- antibody bound to antigens-> C1 forms antigen-antibody
complex
-can also be activated by biologic molecules: heparin, DNA, RNA or C-Reactive Protein
(CRP)
lectin pathway of complement system - Answer activated by mannose- containing
bacterial carbohydrates
alternative pathway of complement activation - Answer activated by gram-negative
bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides
4 function of the complement system - Answer 1- anaphylatoxic-> results in mast cell
degranulation (C3a)
2- cell lysis
3- leukocyte chemotaxis (C5a)
4- opsonization (C3b)
clotting system - Answer Group of plasma proteins that when activated sequentially form
a blood clot
initial immune response - Answer 1- Macrophages recognized the pathogen and activate
the innate immune system
2- Dendritic cells pick up antigens from the pathogen-> move down blood and lymph
system to B&T cells
3- Activates complement system
Inflammation - Answer -2nd line of defense
-highly efficient local and systemic response to:
limit extent of damage
protect against infection
initiate repair damaged tissue
Innate Immumity - Answer -Natural epithelial barriers and inflammation
-Confers innate resistance and protection
Acquired or Adaptive Immunity - Answer -3rd line of defense
-adaptive process set off by inflammation in response to infection
-results in long term, effective immunity to the infecting organism
-has memory to target and right off a 2nd infection
Inflammatory Response - Answer -2nd line of defense; activated if natural barriers are
breached
Natural barriers - Answer -physical/mechanical
- biochemical
,-1st line of defense
(used to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection and promote healing)
physical/mechanical barriers - Answer tightly wound epithelial cells of the skin &
membrane linings: GI, GU and respiratory tracts
Biochemical barriers - Answer Epithelial surfaces synthesize and secrete substances:
mucous, sweat, tears, saliva, earwax
Classis symptoms of inflammation - Answer -redness (erythema)- from vasodilation and
increased blood flow
-heat- from vasodilation and increased blood flow
-pain- from pressure exerted by exudate accumulation, prostaglandins and bradykinins
-swelling- from exudate accumulation and fluid from capillary permeability
-loss of function may also occur
Exudative Fluids - Answer Serous exudate: Watery exudate that indicates early
inflammation
Fibrinous exudate: Thick, clotted exudate that indicates more advanced inflammation
Purulent exudate: Pus that indicates a bacterial infection
Hemorrhagic exudate: Exudate contains blood that indicates bleeding
benefits of inflammation - Answer 1- prevention of infection
2- control of inflammatory process through increased protein synthesis, plasma,
enzymes and cells
3- Influx of macrophages & lymphocytes as needed
4- prepare site for healing
Plasma Protein Systems - Answer Complement system
, Clotting system (coagulation)
Kinin system
Complement system - Answer A group of plasma proteins that can destroy pathogens
directly or can activate or collaborate with innate and adaptive immune responses
3 complement pathways - Answer 1. Classical
2. Lectin
3. Alternative
classical pathway of complement activation - Answer -activated by proteins of the
adaptive immune system- antibody bound to antigens-> C1 forms antigen-antibody
complex
-can also be activated by biologic molecules: heparin, DNA, RNA or C-Reactive Protein
(CRP)
lectin pathway of complement system - Answer activated by mannose- containing
bacterial carbohydrates
alternative pathway of complement activation - Answer activated by gram-negative
bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides
4 function of the complement system - Answer 1- anaphylatoxic-> results in mast cell
degranulation (C3a)
2- cell lysis
3- leukocyte chemotaxis (C5a)
4- opsonization (C3b)
clotting system - Answer Group of plasma proteins that when activated sequentially form
a blood clot
