NURS 711 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and thirst perception stimulated?
Increased plasma osmolality
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Osmotic forces
A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3, bicarbonate (HCO3)
27mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mmHg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respiratory acidosis
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic
The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid is an example of which process?
Hydrostatic pressure
Dysplasia is defined as:
Abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of cells
Which method of transport uses membrane transport proteins?
Mediated
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. Which of the following mechanisms
supports a clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma?
High sodium in the intravascular fluid pulls water out of the cerebral cells into the blood
vessels, causing cerebral cells to shrink.
Males are more often affected by which type of genetic disease?
Sex-linked recessive
,Increased osmolality simulated the hypothalmic osmoreceptors causing ________ and
________ __________. This then signal the __________ __________ to release ___.
thirst and water drinking
posterior pituitary
ADH
A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching.
What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
Autosomal recessive diseases are inherited from:
Mother and father
Which chromosome carries sex dominant anomalies?
The X chromosome
Are sex-linked diseases most often from dominant or recessive genes?
Recessive are most common, dominant are very rare
Active transport
Uses ATP
Passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell. By way of osmosis, diffusion or filtration working with concentration gradients. Also
hydrostatic pressure to push through membranes
Mediated transport
movement of ions across membrane by binding to protein transporter, protein changes
shape to bring ion across the membrane, releases the ion and resumes original shape.
Secretory IgA (IgA-2)
Immunoglobulin on the surface of mucous membranes t/o GI, GU, and respiratory tracts.
They bind to microorganisms to prevent host infections.
Hypersensitivity
an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the
individual
IgE and bronchospasm
, Acting through H-1 receptors, histamine contracts smooth muscle, increases vascular
permeability causing edema, causes vasodilation increasing blood flow to area. Mast
cells degranulate releasing histamine in tissues.
Roles of VEGF and bFGF in metastatic disease
Pro-angiogenic factors that vascularize tissue growth areas of metastases building
arteries, veins in tumors
Coagulation (clotting) system
Plasma protein system that builds mesh work at inflamed site using fibrin strands that
catch platelets, traps erythrocytes, phagocytes and microorganisms to prevent infection
spreading. Forms clot to stop bleeding and provides framework for repair.
Congenital malformation syndromes
- Hydrocephaly
- Spina bifida
- Cleft lip/palate
- Trisomy syndromes e.g. trisomy 13, trisomy 21
Encephalocele
Herniation of brain tissue and meninges through a defect in the skull, resulting in a
saclike structure at the base of the skull
Lacunar stroke
Small vessel stroke involving deep perforating arteries and occur in deep brain tissues
like basal gangila, internal capsule and pons. 2-15mm vessel occlusions, may be silent or
have total sensory or total motor or mixed symptoms.
Embolic stroke
a type of ischemic stroke that causes a clot to travel to the brain, mostly from the left side
of the heart r/t A-fib
Thrombotic stroke
Arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formed in arteries supplying the brain or in the
intracranial vessels, or from arterial stenosis of intracranial arteries
Causes of cerebral infarction
1. Abrupt vascular occlusion (thrombotic or embolic)
2. Gradual vessel occlusion
How are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and thirst perception stimulated?
Increased plasma osmolality
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Osmotic forces
A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3, bicarbonate (HCO3)
27mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mmHg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respiratory acidosis
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic
The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid is an example of which process?
Hydrostatic pressure
Dysplasia is defined as:
Abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of cells
Which method of transport uses membrane transport proteins?
Mediated
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. Which of the following mechanisms
supports a clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma?
High sodium in the intravascular fluid pulls water out of the cerebral cells into the blood
vessels, causing cerebral cells to shrink.
Males are more often affected by which type of genetic disease?
Sex-linked recessive
,Increased osmolality simulated the hypothalmic osmoreceptors causing ________ and
________ __________. This then signal the __________ __________ to release ___.
thirst and water drinking
posterior pituitary
ADH
A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching.
What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
Autosomal recessive diseases are inherited from:
Mother and father
Which chromosome carries sex dominant anomalies?
The X chromosome
Are sex-linked diseases most often from dominant or recessive genes?
Recessive are most common, dominant are very rare
Active transport
Uses ATP
Passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell. By way of osmosis, diffusion or filtration working with concentration gradients. Also
hydrostatic pressure to push through membranes
Mediated transport
movement of ions across membrane by binding to protein transporter, protein changes
shape to bring ion across the membrane, releases the ion and resumes original shape.
Secretory IgA (IgA-2)
Immunoglobulin on the surface of mucous membranes t/o GI, GU, and respiratory tracts.
They bind to microorganisms to prevent host infections.
Hypersensitivity
an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the
individual
IgE and bronchospasm
, Acting through H-1 receptors, histamine contracts smooth muscle, increases vascular
permeability causing edema, causes vasodilation increasing blood flow to area. Mast
cells degranulate releasing histamine in tissues.
Roles of VEGF and bFGF in metastatic disease
Pro-angiogenic factors that vascularize tissue growth areas of metastases building
arteries, veins in tumors
Coagulation (clotting) system
Plasma protein system that builds mesh work at inflamed site using fibrin strands that
catch platelets, traps erythrocytes, phagocytes and microorganisms to prevent infection
spreading. Forms clot to stop bleeding and provides framework for repair.
Congenital malformation syndromes
- Hydrocephaly
- Spina bifida
- Cleft lip/palate
- Trisomy syndromes e.g. trisomy 13, trisomy 21
Encephalocele
Herniation of brain tissue and meninges through a defect in the skull, resulting in a
saclike structure at the base of the skull
Lacunar stroke
Small vessel stroke involving deep perforating arteries and occur in deep brain tissues
like basal gangila, internal capsule and pons. 2-15mm vessel occlusions, may be silent or
have total sensory or total motor or mixed symptoms.
Embolic stroke
a type of ischemic stroke that causes a clot to travel to the brain, mostly from the left side
of the heart r/t A-fib
Thrombotic stroke
Arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formed in arteries supplying the brain or in the
intracranial vessels, or from arterial stenosis of intracranial arteries
Causes of cerebral infarction
1. Abrupt vascular occlusion (thrombotic or embolic)
2. Gradual vessel occlusion
