Chapter 1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1. The Dream of worldwide ‘Democratic and Social Republics’ ( a series of 4 prints)
Made in: 1848
By: Frederic Sorrieu (French artist)
Theme: Utopian Vision
Components:
I) Statue of Liberty: Symbolising freedom.
• In one hand, Charter of Rights of man representing individual rights.
• Other hand, Torch of Enlightenment showing way towards freedom.
II) Long train of people: Representing different nations of Europe and America going towards way of freedom from
monarchy (USA, Switzerland, France etc.)
III) Symbols of Monarchy on the ground: Representing destruction of monarchy.
IV) Holy figures (saints, Christ, angels): Representing fraternity among these nations.
2. Characteristics of Nation-State:
I) Fixed boundary.
II) Common identity of people.
III) Shared history of people and the ruler.
3. Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to build nationalism among the people of France:
I) Ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and La Citoyen (the citizen), equal rights for all.
II) New French Flag: Tricolour (blue, white, red) replaced the former royal standard.
III) National Assembly was elected by active citizens, replaced the Estates General.
IV) New hyms were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated.
V) Centralised administrative system: It made uniform laws for all.
VI) Internal customs and dues were abolished, uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
VII) Common language: French was encouraged as the common language.
4. Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Civil Code):
Positive features:
I) Abolition of birth privileges.
II) Establishment of equality before law.
III) Right to property was given.
IV) Guild restrictions were removed.
V) Feudal system was abolished.
VI) Transportation and communication system was improved.
VII) Administrative divisions were simplified.
Negative features:
I) High taxation was imposed.
II) Forced recruitment to the French army was done.
III) Censorship was imposed.
, 5. Austrian-Habsburg Empire:
I) German speaking regions: Alpine regions of Tyrol, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Austria.
II) Italian speaking regions: Lombardy and Venetia.
III) Polish speaking regions: Galicia
IV) Magyar speaking regions: More than half the population of Hungary.
V) Peasant groups:
•North: Bohemians and Slovaks.
•South: Croats
•East: Roumans in Transylvania.
•West: Slovenes in Carniola.
6. Social divisions of Europe:
I) Aristocracy
•Population wise less but more dominant in power.
•Had huge properties in towns as well as countryside.
•Used to speak French for diplomacy.
•Connected with each other with the ties of marriage.
II) Peasants
•Largest in population.
•Peasants in the east were landless and serfs.
•Peasants in the west were tenants or had small plots of land.
III) Middle class
•Some groups grew economically due to the Industrial Revolution.
•These were businessmen, traders, merchants, factory workers etc.
• Started getting educated and developed a sense of freedom and equality (liberalism).
7. Political Liberalism:
I) Derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ meaning free.
II) Liberals demanded a constitution.
III) They demanded a government by consent.
IV) They demanded removal of birth privileges.
V) They demanded equality before law.
VI) They demanded right to property.
8. Economic Liberalism:
I) Liberals demanded freedom of market from guild restrictions and monopoly.
II) They demanded a uniform system of weights and measures.
III) They demanded removal of internal customs and taxes.
9. Elle:
I) It was unit to measure cloth.
II) It had different values at different places.
10. Zolleverein:
I) It was a Customs Union.
II) Formed by Prussia in 1834, joined by other German nations.
III) It abolished internal taxes on trade.
IV) It reduced currencies from over thirty to two.
11. Conservatism:
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1. The Dream of worldwide ‘Democratic and Social Republics’ ( a series of 4 prints)
Made in: 1848
By: Frederic Sorrieu (French artist)
Theme: Utopian Vision
Components:
I) Statue of Liberty: Symbolising freedom.
• In one hand, Charter of Rights of man representing individual rights.
• Other hand, Torch of Enlightenment showing way towards freedom.
II) Long train of people: Representing different nations of Europe and America going towards way of freedom from
monarchy (USA, Switzerland, France etc.)
III) Symbols of Monarchy on the ground: Representing destruction of monarchy.
IV) Holy figures (saints, Christ, angels): Representing fraternity among these nations.
2. Characteristics of Nation-State:
I) Fixed boundary.
II) Common identity of people.
III) Shared history of people and the ruler.
3. Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to build nationalism among the people of France:
I) Ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and La Citoyen (the citizen), equal rights for all.
II) New French Flag: Tricolour (blue, white, red) replaced the former royal standard.
III) National Assembly was elected by active citizens, replaced the Estates General.
IV) New hyms were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated.
V) Centralised administrative system: It made uniform laws for all.
VI) Internal customs and dues were abolished, uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
VII) Common language: French was encouraged as the common language.
4. Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Civil Code):
Positive features:
I) Abolition of birth privileges.
II) Establishment of equality before law.
III) Right to property was given.
IV) Guild restrictions were removed.
V) Feudal system was abolished.
VI) Transportation and communication system was improved.
VII) Administrative divisions were simplified.
Negative features:
I) High taxation was imposed.
II) Forced recruitment to the French army was done.
III) Censorship was imposed.
, 5. Austrian-Habsburg Empire:
I) German speaking regions: Alpine regions of Tyrol, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Austria.
II) Italian speaking regions: Lombardy and Venetia.
III) Polish speaking regions: Galicia
IV) Magyar speaking regions: More than half the population of Hungary.
V) Peasant groups:
•North: Bohemians and Slovaks.
•South: Croats
•East: Roumans in Transylvania.
•West: Slovenes in Carniola.
6. Social divisions of Europe:
I) Aristocracy
•Population wise less but more dominant in power.
•Had huge properties in towns as well as countryside.
•Used to speak French for diplomacy.
•Connected with each other with the ties of marriage.
II) Peasants
•Largest in population.
•Peasants in the east were landless and serfs.
•Peasants in the west were tenants or had small plots of land.
III) Middle class
•Some groups grew economically due to the Industrial Revolution.
•These were businessmen, traders, merchants, factory workers etc.
• Started getting educated and developed a sense of freedom and equality (liberalism).
7. Political Liberalism:
I) Derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ meaning free.
II) Liberals demanded a constitution.
III) They demanded a government by consent.
IV) They demanded removal of birth privileges.
V) They demanded equality before law.
VI) They demanded right to property.
8. Economic Liberalism:
I) Liberals demanded freedom of market from guild restrictions and monopoly.
II) They demanded a uniform system of weights and measures.
III) They demanded removal of internal customs and taxes.
9. Elle:
I) It was unit to measure cloth.
II) It had different values at different places.
10. Zolleverein:
I) It was a Customs Union.
II) Formed by Prussia in 1834, joined by other German nations.
III) It abolished internal taxes on trade.
IV) It reduced currencies from over thirty to two.
11. Conservatism:
