Summary English Grade 10-12 general notes

Grammatical composition


Types of sentences
 Simple
 Compound
 Loose complex
 Periodic complex

Finite verbs: Verb that shows tense.

 Words ending in '-ing'
 Auxiliary verbs -> 'helping verbs'


Clauses and Phrases

Phrases -> don’t have subjects/finite verbs

Clauses (2 types)

Main clause: Subject + finite verbs + can make sense on own.

Subordinate clause: Subject + finite verb BUT starts with a subordinating conjunction +
needs to be attached to a main clause to make complete sense


Simple sentence: 1 main clause -> 1 subject + 1 finite verb

Compound sentence: 2 main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or : ; -

Complex sentence: 1 main clause + subordinating clause
 Loose: 1 main clause sequenced first followed by a subordinating clause.
 Periodic: Subordinating clause sequenced first followed by a main clause.



How to identify sentences

Step 1: count the finite verbs
 1 finite verb: simple sentence
 2/more finite verbs: Move to step 2


Step 2: Look at the conjunction
 Co-ordinating conjunction (FANBOYS, colon, semi-colon or dash)
 Compound sentence

,  Subordination conjunction: Move to step 3

Step 3: Look at the sequence of clauses
 Main clause then subordinating clause = loose complex
 Subordinating clause then main clause = periodic complex




TEC

T - technical explanation
 Identify and explain what technical language/grammar device is being used
E - overall effect
 Give the general effect of this language choice (information to learn)
C - context: SQA
 Link to the context (what the text is about/its intention/message etc.)




Register
Formal:

 Correct standard English has been used
 Elevated/sophisticated diction has been used
 Jargon has been used

Effect:
 Highlights the seriousness/gravity of an issue/idea
 Used for professional setting

Informal:

 Slang used
 Colloquial language (every day/conversational)

Effect:
 Connect to audience
 Shows a more relaxed tone/mood


Method:

1. 'Quote' if informal/formal because _____
2. Effect -> why has It been used? (Link to connect of the text)

*Jargon - using specific language in different scenarios (Law, medicine etc.)