4.
Name the 8 steps/phases involved in the \'process of becoming deviant\' as outlined by Lemert in his theory of primary and secondary deviation.
Answer: 1) Primary deviation occurs
2) Social penalties executed
3) Leads to further primary deviation
4) Causes stronger penalties & rejection
5) Leads to further deviation & hostilities
6) The crisis in tolerance leads to formal sanction/stigma by the community
7) This, in turn, strengthens the deviant conduct of the individual as a reaction to the stigma & penalties
8) Finally, the individual accepts the label and continues in his criminal conduct/career