LIN1502 PORTFOLIO MEMO - MAY/JUNE 2023 - SEMESTER 1 - UNISA (DETAILED MEMO - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED !)

LIN1502 PORTFOLIO MEMO - MAY/JUNE 2023 - SEMESTER 1 - UNISA (DETAILED MEMO - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED !) Fikile: Mom: Fikile: Mom: Fikile: Mom: Doggy No, it’s not a doggy, it’s a cow. Mooo. The cow says moo. He’s a friendly cow. He wants to come Say and say hello. mooo. Where’s the cow going? Is it going to find some water? Fikile water Oh, you want some water too? Where’s your bottle? Here it is! It’s in the bag. Fikile: Mom: Fikile: Fikile bottle. Water. There you go. Say byebye to the cow now. Say byebye cow. Byebye cow. Now answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. Fikile’s mom uses the word byebye. This is [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] a baby-talk word an example of syllable repetition an example of babbling [1] and [2] are correct None of the above options. Which of the following statements is false? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Fikile’s mother is using caretaker language. Fikile’s mother is talking about the ‘here and now’. Fikile’s mother uses frequent repetition. Fikile’s mother uses frequent questions. Fikile’s mother makes use of holophrases. Fikile’s mother’s response ‘Say byebye to the cow now. Say byebye cow.’ is typical of caretaker speech because she uses [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] short sentences commands ungrammatical sentences [1] and [2] [1], [2] and [3]. Which of the following statements is true? [1] Fikile is engaging in egocentric speech. [2] Fikile has learnt the rule of turn-taking in conversation. [3] Fikile’s production is more advanced than his comprehension. [4] Fikile is in the prelinguistic stage of development. [5] Filikile is past the linguistic phase of language acquisition. 5. Fikile is at [1] the babbling stage [2] the one word stage [3] the two-word stage [4] the multiple-word stage [5] None of the above options. 6. Most children reach Fikile’s stage of language development at approximately [1] 6 months old [2] 1 year old [3] 2 years old [4] 4 years old [5] 5 years old. 7. The unconscious, informal process of ‘picking up’ a language in the pre-adolescent years is known as [1] language acquisition [2] language learning [3] the critical period [4] neurolinguistics [5] developmental psycholinguistics. 8. A child starts to use utterances for communication in a meaningful and intentional way during the [1] babbling stage [2] one-word stage [3] two-word stage [4] multiple-word stage [5] early weeks after birth. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Babies babble spontaneously without being taught. [2] Babbling is a way for a child to explore the abilities of the vocal organs. [3] The sounds made during the babbling period depend on the language of the environment. [4] Babbling falls in the prelinguistic stage. [5] None of the above options. 10. Fikile uses the word doggy to refer to a cow. This is an example of [1] cooing [2] babbling [3] underextension [4] overextension [5] assimilation. 11. Researchers who study children’s developing language are known as [1] psychologists [2] psycholinguists [3] protolinguists [4] sociolinguists [5] anthropologists. 12. The critical period hypothesis states that [1] Caretakers must never criticise their children’s language errors. [2] Language is of critical importance for human communication. [3] Exposure to natural language in the early years is necessary for successful language development. [4] Children and adults have an inborn knowledge of the structure of language. [5] None of the above options. 13. Children’s language development is usually studied [1] by asking their parents to report on their progress [2] by asking them to explain their linguistic knowledge [3] using brain scanning technology [4] by transcribing only their errors [5] by collecting, describing and analysing their spoken utterances The first words children acquire tend to be [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] words referring to objects and actions function words words referring to abstract things [1] and [2] All of the above options. 15. During the prelinguistic stage, children [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] learn to match words and concepts produce sounds such as cooing and crying use sounds in an intentional way communicate using holophrases use new words. 16. During the telegraphic stage children [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] produce short sentences containing no content words produce short sentences containing no function words produce mainly three-word sentences cannot be easily understood by adults produce long sentences containing most types of words. 17. Egocentric speech is talk [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 18. addressed to a young child which is not addressed to a listener between children and their caretakers between children which revolves around the ego of the listener. Which of the following statements is false? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Language development in Chinese children takes much longer than for most other languages. Children acquire the language(s) that is/are spoken around them. A child has the potential to acquire any language. Exposure to language is necessary for language acquisition Language acquisition takes place during early childhood. Which of the following statements is true? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Children learn language by imitating their parents’ speech. Children learn language by storing ready-made sentences in their memory. Children learn language through formal instruction in the sounds, words and grammar of their language Children learn language by working out grammatical patterns in the language they hear around them. All of the above options. Read the following sociolinguistic profile of Tanzania and then answer Questions 20 to 27: Sociolinguistic profile of Tanzania Population : 29 million Languages spoken Kisukuma : different languages is spoken as a first language by 12.5% of the population Swahili is spoken as a first language by 10% and as a second language by 90% of the population Kinyambwezi is spoken as a first language by 4.2% English is known (mostly as L2 or L of the population 3) by 20% of the population Official language: Swahili Language of learning & teaching Literacy level: Media 68% : Swahili at primary school, English at secondary and tertiary level : Printed and radio media are available in both English and Swahili 20. Which language has the most L2 speakers in Tanzania? [1] [2] [3] [4] Kisukuma Swahili Kinyambwezi English 21. What percentage of Tanzanians receive mother-tongue education at primary school? [1] [2] [3] [4] 10% 12.5% 20% 90% Which language would fulfil the function of a national language in Tanzania? [1] Kisukuma [2] Swahili [3] Kinyambwezi [4] English [5] None of the above options. 23. Monolingual Swahili speakers cannot understand monolingual Kisukuma speakers. These can be considered [1] varieties of the same language [2] two different ethnolects [3] dialects of the same language [4] mutually intelligible varieties [5] two different languages. 24. Which of the following is not true of mother-tongue education? [1] It helps preserve local languages. [2] It can be used to maintain or increase social inequalities. [3] It promotes political unity. [4] It facilitates the academic progress of a child. 25. Which language is a foreign language in Tanzania? [1] Kisukuma [2] Swahili [3] Kinyambwezi [4] English [5] None of the above options. 26. Which kind of educational programme often has negative results? [1] immersion [2] submersion [3] dual-language [4] transitional [5] All of the above options. 27. One advantage of choosing English as a language of learning and teaching at higher levels would be that [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English is a minority language. English textbooks are readily available. English is better than Swahili. English is easier than Swahili. None of the above options. Read the following conversation and then answer Questions 28 to 34: Two young Kenyan men are in casual conversation in Swahili: G: Kitu mmoja mbaya kwake ni kuvaa zile miniskirts. ‘‘The bad thing with her is that she wears miniskirts.’ ’ A: G: Miniskirts huzipendelei? ‘‘You don’t like miniskirts?’ ’ Ah hizo ni fashion nyingine ovyo sana. ‘‘Ah, that’s another very lousy fashion.’ ’ A: Wewe unajua, bwana, hii fashion ni ya wale watu, people on the move . Sasa kama watu kama wewe ambao wamebaki nyuma hamuwezi ‘‘You know, mister, that is the fashion kuappreciate of those people, hiyo. people on the move . Now, people like you who remain behind can’t Carol MyersScotton appreciate it.’’ (MyersScotton 1988 29. Most borrowed terms are [1] nouns [2] verbs [3] adjectives [4] function words [5] articles. 30. The use of the word miniskirts in the conversation above is an example of [1] borrowing [2] codeswitching [3] a lack of proficiency in Swahili [4] divergence [5] convergence. 31. The term used for the linguistic situation in a country like Kenya where most individuals are bilingual is [1] territorial monolingualism [2] territorial multilingualism [3] total bilingualism [4] unstable bilingualism [5] language death. 32. Kenyans tend to learn English for [1] instrumental reasons [2] integrative reasons [3] interference reasons [4] internal reasons [5] All of the above options. 33. The Swahili spoken in Kenya differs in several respects from the Swahili spoken in Tanzania. The two varieties can be described as [1] idiolects [2] sociolects [3] dialects [4] ethnolects [5] bilinguaslism. 34. In Morocco there are two distinct styles of Arabic - one used by educated people as a language of religion, culture and litereature, and one used for everyday communication. This is an example of [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] territorial monolingualism territorial multilingualism minority group bilingualism diglossia majority group bilingualism. Read the following case study and then answer Questions 35 to 38: Case study: Genie The abused ‘wild child’ Genie was 13 years old in 1970 when she was found by welfare workers. Her spontaneous utterances at that time included only stopit parents’ care, hospitalised and later placed into foster care. 35. ‘Wild children’ are children [1] [2] [3] who have grown up with little or no human contact who are physically abused by their caretakers and whose language is delayed due to behavioural problems [4] nomore . She was removed from her who cannot learn language due to severe mental retardation [5] whose language is influenced by physiological problems. 36. Genie’s case was important for psycholinguistics because it shed light on the hypothesis known as [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] the wild child hypothesis the critical age hypothesis the innateness hypothesis the contrastive hypothesis the Genie hypothesis. 37. Which of the following statements is true? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Language acquisition follows similar developmental stages in normal children and children who grow up without human contact. Children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to acquire language without any language input from the environment. Exposure to language is necessary for language acquisition. Explicit language teaching by caretakers is necessary for language acquisition. Imitation is the only way to teach language. 38. Genie’s case shows that a(n) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] L2 cannot be successfully learned before puberty L2 cannot be successfully learned after puberty child’s first language is acquired easily after puberty child has to acquire L1 before puberty in order to become a fluent speaker child needs very specific teaching input to acquire language. 39. Women’s speech tends to contain words or phrases that make their statements [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] less emphatic, e.g. It’s extremely chilly today. less emphatic, e.g. It’s quite chilly today. more emphatic, e.g. It’s extremely chilly today. more emphatic, e.g. It’s quite chilly today None of the above options. 40. Which of the following is not typically influenced by gender? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] the pitch or deepness of the voice word choice sentence length the frequency with which euphemisms are used conversational style. SECTION B: Written questions Answer ALL the questions on the exam paper in the space provided. Question 1 The data below is of a conversation between a mother (MOT) and her daughter (CHI). Read it carefully and then answer the questions that follow: Mother talking to daugther MOT: let’s get you bathed. CHI: wa-wa ba xx. MOT: did you mean water? CHI: what this? MOT: now which toy do you mean? MOT: is it the duck or the boat? MOT: which toy is it? CHI: yellow one. MOT: is duckie yellow CHI: is this? MOT: no that is the red boat. MOT: boat. CHI: what this? MOT: that is the boat. MOT: and which one is the duckie? CHI: yellow one MOT: yes. (a) What linguistic stage is the child at and how old do you estimate she is? Explain your answer. (5) (b) Is the child’s mother using typical caretaker speech? Justify your answer with reference to the characteristics of caretaker speech and examples from the data. (5) [10] Question 2 Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow: David is 40 year old man from Namibia. His home languages are German and English which he acquired equally well from birth onwards. Last year he met his girlfriend, Daniela, while on holiday in Angola. Daniela’s home language is Portuguese and she does not speak English very well. David has found work in Luanda, Angola’s capital city, and has moved there recently. His new work requires him to speak English and Portuguese to colleagues and clients. He also wants to learn Portuguese in order to communicate better with Daniela and her family. So far, he has resisted taking any formal classes to learn Portuguese because he believes he will acquire it spontaneously by mixing with colleagues, Daniela and her family. (a) How would you describe David’s learning of Portuguese? (2) (b) What were the reasons for David learning Portuguese? And do you think he will be successful? (c) What would you suggest David can do to improve his proficiency in Portuguese? (4) [10] Question 3 Read the data below which is a transcript of two people working in the same office and answer the following question: In terms of gender differences in language use, can you identify which speaker is male and which is female. Justify your choice by referring to the characteristics of male and female conversational styles and citing examples from the data above. A: Excuse me, but could you please pass me the stapler. B: I don’t have it. A: Have you seen it around? I mean, sorry, do you know who had it last? B: No. A: Thank you. I’ll ask around and try to find it. B: Yeah. [10] Question 4 Read the two extracts below and answer the following question. Briefly describe the language varieties in both extracts and use examples from the extracts to illustrate your answer. Extract A Howzit you guys, we must go check-out that new pool at Charles’ pozzie. With this heatwave we must just rock up at his pozzie with our cozzies, man. (Translation: How are you guys, we must go see that new pool at Charles’ house. With this heatwave we must just go to his house with our swimming costumes, man). Extract B The hard drive, processor, memory and optical drive will have to be replaced. The client will also need help with installing the new software and Skype for Windows.