Matric Biology P2
By Alexandria Gaylard-Ralfe
2022
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
Contents
Paper 2 Topics :
Definitions pg 3-6
Molecular Biology (DNA) pg 7 - 23
- DNA structure
- Nucleotides
- Role of DNA
- DNA replication
- RNA structure
- Protein synthesis - transcription, translation
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Application of DNA technology
Chromosomes & Meiosis pg 24 - 40
- Cells and chromosomes
- Human karyotype
- Mitosis
- Meiosis process
- Abnormal meiosis - genetic disorders, polyploidy
Genetics pg 41 - 59
- Gregor mendel
- Genes
- Alleles
- Genetic diagrams
- Mendel’s laws
- Sex-linked alleles and diseases
- Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation
- Genetic aberrations
- Gene mutations
- Genetic engineering - recombinant DNA, cloning, gene therapy, GMOs
- CRISPR
Essays pg 61-63
2
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
Definitions
Molecular Biology
● Crossing over - the mutual exchange of pieces of chromosomes so that whole
groups of genes are swapped between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
● Nucleotides - the monomers of nucleic acids
● Centromere - a region of a chromosome where the cell's spindle fibres attach
● Transcription - the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied
into a new molecule of messenger RNA
● Translation - the process by which a specific protein is formed from a chain of
amino acids due to the sequence of codons in the mRNA, which, in turn, was
coded by the DNA.
● mRNA - messenger RNA - Carries code from nucleus (DNA) to ribosomes
Each group of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA = CODON
● Codon - a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule
that codes for a specific amino acid
● Reduction division - The first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ
cells are formed
- two copies of everything to a daughter cell that only has 1 copy
● STR (Short Tandem Repeat) - Repeating segments in non-coding dna that are
unique
● Homologous chromosome - The chromosomal pair which contains the maternal
as well as the paternal chromatid of the same length and gene position, and are
joined by the centromere
● Haploid - a single set of chromosomes
● Diploid - 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
3
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
● DNA Replication - the process of making a new DNA molecule from an existing
DNA molecule that is identical to the original molecule.
● Mitochondrial DNA - Small amounts of DNA are present in the mitochondria in
the cytoplasm of cells.
● Prokaryotes - organisms without a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle. Most are unicellular bacteria
● Eukaryotes - organisms with a cell nucleus and many membrane-bound
organelles
4
By Alexandria Gaylard-Ralfe
2022
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
Contents
Paper 2 Topics :
Definitions pg 3-6
Molecular Biology (DNA) pg 7 - 23
- DNA structure
- Nucleotides
- Role of DNA
- DNA replication
- RNA structure
- Protein synthesis - transcription, translation
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Application of DNA technology
Chromosomes & Meiosis pg 24 - 40
- Cells and chromosomes
- Human karyotype
- Mitosis
- Meiosis process
- Abnormal meiosis - genetic disorders, polyploidy
Genetics pg 41 - 59
- Gregor mendel
- Genes
- Alleles
- Genetic diagrams
- Mendel’s laws
- Sex-linked alleles and diseases
- Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation
- Genetic aberrations
- Gene mutations
- Genetic engineering - recombinant DNA, cloning, gene therapy, GMOs
- CRISPR
Essays pg 61-63
2
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
Definitions
Molecular Biology
● Crossing over - the mutual exchange of pieces of chromosomes so that whole
groups of genes are swapped between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
● Nucleotides - the monomers of nucleic acids
● Centromere - a region of a chromosome where the cell's spindle fibres attach
● Transcription - the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied
into a new molecule of messenger RNA
● Translation - the process by which a specific protein is formed from a chain of
amino acids due to the sequence of codons in the mRNA, which, in turn, was
coded by the DNA.
● mRNA - messenger RNA - Carries code from nucleus (DNA) to ribosomes
Each group of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA = CODON
● Codon - a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule
that codes for a specific amino acid
● Reduction division - The first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ
cells are formed
- two copies of everything to a daughter cell that only has 1 copy
● STR (Short Tandem Repeat) - Repeating segments in non-coding dna that are
unique
● Homologous chromosome - The chromosomal pair which contains the maternal
as well as the paternal chromatid of the same length and gene position, and are
joined by the centromere
● Haploid - a single set of chromosomes
● Diploid - 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
3
, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R
● DNA Replication - the process of making a new DNA molecule from an existing
DNA molecule that is identical to the original molecule.
● Mitochondrial DNA - Small amounts of DNA are present in the mitochondria in
the cytoplasm of cells.
● Prokaryotes - organisms without a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle. Most are unicellular bacteria
● Eukaryotes - organisms with a cell nucleus and many membrane-bound
organelles
4
