PUB2606 Examination. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT STUDENT NAME TRYPHOSA MOSHIBUDI MAJAVU STUDENT NUMBER SEMESTER 2021/1 SUBJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS SUBJECT CODE PUB2606 EXAM DATE 11 NOVEMBER 2021 PUB2606 Environmental Affairs Summative Assessment 2021/1 Tryphosa Moshibudi Majavu. QUESTION 1 Obstacles to international environmental management and the associated relevant examples. State sovereignty and North-South polarisation are the two main obstacles to optimal international environmental management. Each of the obstacle will be discussed in detail below. a) Sovereignty of states It is common cause that some of the environmental issues facing the world today necessitate international cooperation, the level of cooperation required at the minimum necessitates those countries set aside their national and economic interest in favour of environmental concerns (Klinger, 1994). Countries tend to prioritize national interests over all others in the anarchistic and fragmented international state system, where there is no overarching legal authority to which national governments are subject. We live in a competitive world; in terms of the environment, this means that individuals and countries will try to exploit scarce resources ahead of their competitors in order to advance their own interests (University of South Africa, 2018:58). Clean air and water, biodiversity, and healthy forests, land, oceans, and a stable climate are essential for all life on Earth. These global commons, which include ecosystems, biomes, and processes that regulate the Earth system's stability and resilience, are the bedrock of our global economy and modern society. They are now confronted with the all- too-common tragedy of over-exploitation and rapid degradation (Global Environment Facility, 2017). It is on this basis that, competition for scarce resources can be a sufficient reason to go to war in some cases. (Kola, n.d.), opined that, in the run-up to COP26, South Africa, as a signatory to the Paris Agreement, recently updated its first National Determined Contribution (NDC) report. Considering its national circumstances, the report outlines the country's climate change ambitions, which are based not only on science but also on equity. The provision and direction of financial flows to be aligned with pathways towards lower greenhouse ga
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