FOR3704
EXAM PACK
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, FOR3704/201/3/2021
3.2 Assignment 01
Assignment 01 contained randomly arranged Multiple-Choice questions drawn from
the prescribed book and the study guide. You were required to answer all the
questions in Assignment 01. The MCQ answers were immediately available upon
completion and submission of the assignment, therefore the answers will not be
repeated in this tutorial letter.
3.3 Assignment 02
Assignment 02 contained questions drawn from the prescribed book. You were
required to answer all the questions. This tutorial letter contains the model answers
of assignment 02.
Question 1
1.1. Distinguish between the criminal and forensic investigation. Give examples to
substantiate your answer. (10)
See section 1.9 of the prescribed book
Criminal and forensic investigation share the following common features;
• The commence after a crime or incident has been committed irregular
conduct is reported or detected
• They result in a systematic and organized investigation process to search
for the truth
• They focus on discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting
information end evidence to resolve or find a solution to reported crime or
incident
• They involve the application and use of different investigation methods and
techniques during the investigation process
• They result in the presentation of the results of the investigation
Criminal investigation Forensic investigation
This type of investigation can be This investigation can be defined as
defined as a systematic, organized, an in-depth, meticulous investigation,
thinking, reasoning, examination and searching for the truth through the use
analysis process designed to search of specialized skills and expert
for the truth, during which any inquiry knowledge and the application of the
and thorough analysis is conducted of scientific investigation methods and
all types of crimes or unlawful acts. techniques to lawfully discover,
collect, prepare, identify and present
evidence which can be presented to a
court of law, disciplinary council,
instructing client or company.
5
,1.2. Describe the specific characteristics of an investigator. (10)
To be an investigator, one requires a certain set of skills and characteristics
which are vital to be effective and successful. Some of the characteristics are
as follows:
• Intellectual and emotional intelligence – be able to deal with a wide variety
of investigation problems, different types of investigations, and people from
different backgrounds and with different personalities
• Sound moral and ethical character – must always be legal, ethical and be
above reproach, not commit a crime
• The ability to operate independently and as part of a team – be able to plan,
execute and conclude an investigation or task without any outside help and
sometimes contribute to group investigations.
• The ability to improvise and adapt to challenging situations – be able to
adapt proactively, conduct research on new solutions in the sphere of
investigation and improvise to meet new challenges.
• The ability to interact effectively with other people – be able to interact and
communicate with different people under different circumstances to obtain
the required information and evidence to solve the crime, incident, or
transgression.
• Being an analytical and critical thinker – be able to answer the who, what,
where, when, why and how questions to problem investigations
• Following an organised and systematic approach – be thorough in
obtaining, recording, and presenting the information on the case and pay
meticulous attention to detail.
• Being well versed in new technology - be able to use the resources to
conduct an investigation but also to the advantage of modern-day criminal
investigation and to keep up with modern-day technology
• And perseverance - in the face of adversity the investigator must find a way
to solve the case during a forensic investigation
• Keen to understand criminology - able to know how as well as where to look
for and find information during the investigation of crime, incident and
transgression.
See section 1.12 of the prescribed material
1.3 Discuss the modern-day investigation cycle and give examples to substantiate
your answer. (10)
Modern-day investigations have many challenges unknown to new and
experienced investigators. These challenges are presented by the new
technology and new crime trends such as cybercrime. These new
interventions cause the combating reactive and slow. Inevitably, investigators
find themselves at the forefront of fighting the scourge of crime or
irregularities. Ordinarily, investigations are reactive as they begin when a
complaint has been reported at a police station. In modern-day, certain
6
, FOR3704/201/3/2021
crimes or incidents have altered the way investigations are approached.
Crimes such as organised crime and money laundering stimulate proactive
investigations. Corporate investigators use the same approach to detecting
incidents that pose risks in the private sector/companies. Proactive
investigations have become an integral part of the investigative method
against organised crime and to determine new routes to prevent crime from
taking place. Some factors play an important role during proactive
investigations such as crime intelligence initiatives, crime threat analysis, and
profiling of individuals likely to commit sophisticated crimes undetected.
NB: To fully answer this question, detailed information can be found in section
1.13 of the prescribed study material.
Question 2
2.1. Describe how the Locard exchange principle can be applied at a scene of the
crime. (10)
The theory behind the Locard exchange principle is that some form of
evidence is usually left behind when two objects or persons come into contact
with each other. This principle is ordinarily applied to a scene of crime or
incident where a crime was committed. It is believed that the perpetrator of a
crime comes into contact with the scene of a crime and the victim as well
leaving something at the scene and leaving with something from the scene be
it physical or electronic. It is believed that an individual leaves traces of their
transgression, crime, or incident is committed, traces or clues in the form of
evidence is left behind. When the perpetrator, for example, commits theft,
assault, fraud, murder, etc, he/she may leave clues that can be linked and
traced back to him/her. These clues are often used to reconstruct what may
have transpired during the commission of the incident.
An investigator will look for these traces/clues at the scene to investigate a
crime and finally identify persons who may have been at the scene of a crime
or incident. The traces can include cellphone technology and other electronic
trails created before, during and after the commission of a crime. To trace
electronic evidence in the form of signals to locate where the perpetrator may
have been, an investigator will need a clear knowledge of how to apply section
205 of the Criminal Procedure Act to a court for authorization to subpoena
cellphone service providers. For other traces, an investigator will need to
identify the suspect to obtain fingerprints and match those found at the scene
of a crime or IP addresses in the case of internet fraud etc. An investigator
needs to protect the scene of crime or incident to avoid contamination of
invisible evidence so that the Locard exchange principle can be used. Detailed
information about the Locard exchange principle can be found in sections 2.2
and 11.2.2 of the prescribed book.
2.2 Distinguish between identification and individualisation principles. Give
7
EXAM PACK
+27 81 278 3372
, FOR3704/201/3/2021
3.2 Assignment 01
Assignment 01 contained randomly arranged Multiple-Choice questions drawn from
the prescribed book and the study guide. You were required to answer all the
questions in Assignment 01. The MCQ answers were immediately available upon
completion and submission of the assignment, therefore the answers will not be
repeated in this tutorial letter.
3.3 Assignment 02
Assignment 02 contained questions drawn from the prescribed book. You were
required to answer all the questions. This tutorial letter contains the model answers
of assignment 02.
Question 1
1.1. Distinguish between the criminal and forensic investigation. Give examples to
substantiate your answer. (10)
See section 1.9 of the prescribed book
Criminal and forensic investigation share the following common features;
• The commence after a crime or incident has been committed irregular
conduct is reported or detected
• They result in a systematic and organized investigation process to search
for the truth
• They focus on discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting
information end evidence to resolve or find a solution to reported crime or
incident
• They involve the application and use of different investigation methods and
techniques during the investigation process
• They result in the presentation of the results of the investigation
Criminal investigation Forensic investigation
This type of investigation can be This investigation can be defined as
defined as a systematic, organized, an in-depth, meticulous investigation,
thinking, reasoning, examination and searching for the truth through the use
analysis process designed to search of specialized skills and expert
for the truth, during which any inquiry knowledge and the application of the
and thorough analysis is conducted of scientific investigation methods and
all types of crimes or unlawful acts. techniques to lawfully discover,
collect, prepare, identify and present
evidence which can be presented to a
court of law, disciplinary council,
instructing client or company.
5
,1.2. Describe the specific characteristics of an investigator. (10)
To be an investigator, one requires a certain set of skills and characteristics
which are vital to be effective and successful. Some of the characteristics are
as follows:
• Intellectual and emotional intelligence – be able to deal with a wide variety
of investigation problems, different types of investigations, and people from
different backgrounds and with different personalities
• Sound moral and ethical character – must always be legal, ethical and be
above reproach, not commit a crime
• The ability to operate independently and as part of a team – be able to plan,
execute and conclude an investigation or task without any outside help and
sometimes contribute to group investigations.
• The ability to improvise and adapt to challenging situations – be able to
adapt proactively, conduct research on new solutions in the sphere of
investigation and improvise to meet new challenges.
• The ability to interact effectively with other people – be able to interact and
communicate with different people under different circumstances to obtain
the required information and evidence to solve the crime, incident, or
transgression.
• Being an analytical and critical thinker – be able to answer the who, what,
where, when, why and how questions to problem investigations
• Following an organised and systematic approach – be thorough in
obtaining, recording, and presenting the information on the case and pay
meticulous attention to detail.
• Being well versed in new technology - be able to use the resources to
conduct an investigation but also to the advantage of modern-day criminal
investigation and to keep up with modern-day technology
• And perseverance - in the face of adversity the investigator must find a way
to solve the case during a forensic investigation
• Keen to understand criminology - able to know how as well as where to look
for and find information during the investigation of crime, incident and
transgression.
See section 1.12 of the prescribed material
1.3 Discuss the modern-day investigation cycle and give examples to substantiate
your answer. (10)
Modern-day investigations have many challenges unknown to new and
experienced investigators. These challenges are presented by the new
technology and new crime trends such as cybercrime. These new
interventions cause the combating reactive and slow. Inevitably, investigators
find themselves at the forefront of fighting the scourge of crime or
irregularities. Ordinarily, investigations are reactive as they begin when a
complaint has been reported at a police station. In modern-day, certain
6
, FOR3704/201/3/2021
crimes or incidents have altered the way investigations are approached.
Crimes such as organised crime and money laundering stimulate proactive
investigations. Corporate investigators use the same approach to detecting
incidents that pose risks in the private sector/companies. Proactive
investigations have become an integral part of the investigative method
against organised crime and to determine new routes to prevent crime from
taking place. Some factors play an important role during proactive
investigations such as crime intelligence initiatives, crime threat analysis, and
profiling of individuals likely to commit sophisticated crimes undetected.
NB: To fully answer this question, detailed information can be found in section
1.13 of the prescribed study material.
Question 2
2.1. Describe how the Locard exchange principle can be applied at a scene of the
crime. (10)
The theory behind the Locard exchange principle is that some form of
evidence is usually left behind when two objects or persons come into contact
with each other. This principle is ordinarily applied to a scene of crime or
incident where a crime was committed. It is believed that the perpetrator of a
crime comes into contact with the scene of a crime and the victim as well
leaving something at the scene and leaving with something from the scene be
it physical or electronic. It is believed that an individual leaves traces of their
transgression, crime, or incident is committed, traces or clues in the form of
evidence is left behind. When the perpetrator, for example, commits theft,
assault, fraud, murder, etc, he/she may leave clues that can be linked and
traced back to him/her. These clues are often used to reconstruct what may
have transpired during the commission of the incident.
An investigator will look for these traces/clues at the scene to investigate a
crime and finally identify persons who may have been at the scene of a crime
or incident. The traces can include cellphone technology and other electronic
trails created before, during and after the commission of a crime. To trace
electronic evidence in the form of signals to locate where the perpetrator may
have been, an investigator will need a clear knowledge of how to apply section
205 of the Criminal Procedure Act to a court for authorization to subpoena
cellphone service providers. For other traces, an investigator will need to
identify the suspect to obtain fingerprints and match those found at the scene
of a crime or IP addresses in the case of internet fraud etc. An investigator
needs to protect the scene of crime or incident to avoid contamination of
invisible evidence so that the Locard exchange principle can be used. Detailed
information about the Locard exchange principle can be found in sections 2.2
and 11.2.2 of the prescribed book.
2.2 Distinguish between identification and individualisation principles. Give
7
