CHEM_120_Week___8_Final_Exam_Study_Guide.docx

CHEM 120 Final-Exam Study-Guide Areas Covered Terms: A) Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism Monosaccharide (Carbohydrate Disaccharide: Polysaccharides Terms: B) Lipids Lipid family include Fatty acids Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid Terms: C) Protein Primary Structure of a protein Secondary Structure of a protein Tertiary structure *Globular Structure of a protein Terms: D) Enzymes Coenzyme (non-protein) Terms: E) Transcription Translation Replication DNA RNA Terms: F) Cell membrane Chloroplast Ribosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Terms: G) Addition polymer Condensation polymer Thermoplastic polymers Thermosetting resins Polymer/ Monomer Vulcanization TERMS A Metabolism: Chemical reactions that keep cells alive. Divided into 2 classes: Anabolism: Process of building up, or synthesizing, the molecules of living systems. & Catabolism: Degrading of molecules to provide energy. Monosaccharide (Carbohydrate): Sugar & sweet tasting carbohydrates. Simplest Sugars. Cannot be hydrolyzed. Types: -Glucose, galactose (Lactose, sugar in milk), fructose (Fruit sugar). -Glucose & galactose= aldoses -Fructose= Ketose Disaccharide: A carbohydrate whose molecules can hydrolyze to yield two monosaccharide units. For example, -Sucrose + H2O  glucose & fructose -Lactose + H2O  glucose & galactose Types: -Sucrose & Lactose. Polysaccharides: Composed of large molecule that yield many monosaccharides. Types: -Starches- Main energy-storage system of many plants. -Cellulose- Structural material of plants. -Animal Starch-Glycogen; found in muscle & liver. TERMS B Lipids: Fats. A cellular component that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents of low polarity (like hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform) -Have solubility properties. Lipid family include Fatty acids: Steroids Types: -Cholesterol & sex hormones, fat soluble vitamins. Fats: Are esters of fatty acids & trihydroxy alcohol. Glycerol + fatty acids  A tryglyceride -Animals fats: rich in saturated fatty acids ( no carbon to carbon double bonds) & smaller proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. -Oil: high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than do fats. ***They are both less dense than water & float on it. Fats are classified by degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Saturated fatty acid: Has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Monounsaturated fatty acid: Has one carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fatty acid: Has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds. TERMS C Protein: Primary Structure of a protein: Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Order is written from N- terminal end(Amino) to the C-terminal end (carboxyl) Secondary Structure of a protein: Polypeptide chains can fold into regular structures like alpha helix & beta pleated sheet. -Alpha helix: wool hair, hair, & muscle. -Beta pleated sheet: silk strong & flexible because of hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure: The folding of a protein chain into a globular form *Globular Structure of a protein: Folded into a compact, spherical shape. TERMS D Enzymes: Special proteins. Catalysts produced by cells. Important to the function of every living cell. -Enzymes change the reaction path by a reacting substance called substrate. -Substrate needs to attach to the active site to form an enzyme- substrate complex. Shape of the active site can change somewhat to fit a substrate. -Enzymes consist entirely of protein chains. -A cofactor, is necessary for proper function of the enzyme (In some) Types: -Metal ion- Zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron, copper. -Organic cofactor: Coenzyme (non-protein). Are vitamins or derived from vitamin molecules. -Apoenzyme: Pure protein part of an enzyme. -Coenzyme(Nonprotein; inactive) + Apoenzyme (Protein;inactive)  enzyme (active) TERMS E Transcription: DNA to mRNA Translation: mRNA to protein. Anticodon found in tRNA. Replication: Copying or duplicating of DNA molecules. DNA: A-T; C-G. Double helix. RNA: Single str& of nucleic acids. Use “U” instead of “T”. A-U; C-G -20 amino acids & 64 codons. AUG-Start TERMS F Cell membrane: Gains nutrients & gets rid of waste. Chloroplast: (Not in animals) Energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy, which is stored in the plant in the form of carbohydrates. Ribosomes: Protein synthesis. Nucleus: Contains the material that controls heredity. Mitochondria: Cell’s “batteries”. Where energy is produced. -Animal cells do not have a cell wall. -Plant cell have a wall made of cellulose. TERMS G Addition polymer: Production contains all atoms of a monomer Condensation polymer: Do not contain all atoms of a monomer. Small molecules like HCl, NH3, H20 split out as a by-product in the synthesis reaction. Thermoplastic polymers: can be softened by heat & pressure & be reshaped. This is because the molecules can slide past one another when heat & pressure are applied. Thermosetting resins are hardened permanently when formed. This is because polymers are cross-linking during synthesis. Polymer/ Monomer: -A polymer is a very long/large molecule made of many smaller ones -Monomers are building blocks of polymer -Monomers combine in the process of polymerization to form a polymer -Many polymers occur naturally but many other are synthetic. Vulcanization: (Cross- Linking) Natural rubber is soft & tacky when hot. It can be made harder (vulcanization) by reaction with sulfur. Sulfur atoms cross-link the hydrocarbon chains side-to-side.