Class notes
Fungal Symbiotic Associations
- Institution
- University Of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)
Understanding the concepts of fungal symbiotic association and fungi as phytopathogens.
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FUNGAL SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONSMycorrhizae
- Mutualisms that exist between plant roots and fungi in which
nutrients are transferred in both directions.
- Fungus transfers nutrients in particular phosphorus and nitrogen
from the soil to the plant and the plant in turn transfers
carbohydrates to the fungus.
- Mutualisms harnessed in agricultural applications e.g. the fungal
spores, root scrapings of infected plants, soil inoculants are
produced that enhance the plant growth.
Ectomycorrhizae – fungal cells form an extensive sheath around the
outside of the root with only a slight penetration into the root tissue.
Found mainly on the roots of forest trees (i.e. conifers, beeches and oaks).
They are highly developed in boreal and temperate forests.
Endomycorhizae – a part of the fungus becomes deeply imbedded within
the root tissue.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Most endomycorrhizae are arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and they
form a distinct fungal division called the Glomeromycota.
- Arbuscule: little tree.
- Most fungal species are obligate plant mutualists.
- Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous are ‘mined’ from the soil by the
fungi and converted to arginine and polyphosphate, which is then
translocated through the hyphae to the plant.
Benefits for the Plant:
- Plants with mycorrhizal associations thrive in poor soils.
- Greater nutrient absorption capacity therefore has a competitive
advantage.
- Facilitated by the greater surface area provided by the fungal
mycelium.
- Mycorrhizal also play a significant role in supporting plant diversity.
- Parasitic mycorrhizae also exist: either the plant parasitizes the
fungus or vice versa.
Mutualism between:
- Fungus (nutrient and water uptake for plant)
- Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)
Several kinds
- Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells
- Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t
penetrate cells
Lichens
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