--
and variation
-
branch of that studies
hereditary
:
genetics a
biology
:
complete of instructions (genes ) necessary create
-
genome a set
genetic to an
organism
of DNA that hereditary
-
gene : a section controls a traits
chromosome hundred
-
:
consists of many genes which can
range from several to thousand
-
mutation :
sudden and unpredictable change in the chemical structure of
gene a
gene
-
karyotype : the characteristics of a set of chromosomes ( size .
Shape ,
number etc .
) of a
typical
somatic cell of a given species individual ,
etc
0h
gene found a the
'
all e. 1. e of
alternative locus on homologous
:
version a same chromosomes
position of
-
locus :
a
gene on a chromosome
somatic cell normal ( diploid )
-
:
body cell
gamete haploid sex cell
-
:
autosome :
chromosomes that is not sex chromosome
-
a
any
sex chromosome
geno some
'
:
phenotype
: the
physical appearance of organism
'
an
genotype
:
genetic makeup of organism
-
an
-
homozygous
:
if the pair of alleles at a locus are the same
'
heterozygous :
if the pair of alleles at a locus are different
dominant : the trait expressed in the
-
that is
offspring
recessive the trait that is suppressed presence of the dominant allele
-
:
in the and is not
expressed in the
offspring
filial Fi is the Fz is second
offspring
-
offspring first generation generation offspring
:
.
,
hybrid characteristic
-
mono Cross involving only
:
genetic cross one
-
punnet square : table used to calculate the filial genotype
test cross / back Cross used to determine
•
unknown genotype
: an
:
characteristics
•
traits
purebred that trait
'
homozygous for
:
, Principle of
'
segregation
:
characteristics of an
organism which are controlled by a
pair of
alleles separate when
gametes are formed in meiosis i.e each contains one pair of
.
gamete
alleles .
, History
↳ Mendel
Gregor ,
Austrian monk , was responsible for the modern
genetics in the 1800s
documented inheritance in peas
-
by use of the experimental method
Genes
↳
a section of DNA that controls a
hereditary trait
each chromosome has hundreds to thousand
-
genes
most somatic cells have an exact of
-
copy all the genes in that
organism
-
each cell contains two of each kind of gene ( maternal and paternal ) before replication
variations of genes called alleles
•
are
gene pool is the set of all
genes / genetic information population of sexually reproducing organism
-
in a
-
large gene pool
=
high genetic diversity and increased chance of survival
-
small
gene pool
=
low
genetic diversity and increased chance of extinction
How active are genes ?
Only that are needed are activated and others are suppressed Different genes
-
the are
genes .
activated in different cells ,
creating a
specific protein that
gives a cell type its character (skin cell )
some genes play
early development of embryo and inactivate after
'
a role in
needed for basic function
Housekeeping genes are active in cells
making proteins
-
,
A coding genes (occur between coding /
•
lot of genes are non -
in
Alleles
↳
genes responsible for controlling different versions of a trait found in the same locus (position /
On
homologous chromosomes
capital letter dominant
-
=
-
lower case =
recessive
and variation
-
branch of that studies
hereditary
:
genetics a
biology
:
complete of instructions (genes ) necessary create
-
genome a set
genetic to an
organism
of DNA that hereditary
-
gene : a section controls a traits
chromosome hundred
-
:
consists of many genes which can
range from several to thousand
-
mutation :
sudden and unpredictable change in the chemical structure of
gene a
gene
-
karyotype : the characteristics of a set of chromosomes ( size .
Shape ,
number etc .
) of a
typical
somatic cell of a given species individual ,
etc
0h
gene found a the
'
all e. 1. e of
alternative locus on homologous
:
version a same chromosomes
position of
-
locus :
a
gene on a chromosome
somatic cell normal ( diploid )
-
:
body cell
gamete haploid sex cell
-
:
autosome :
chromosomes that is not sex chromosome
-
a
any
sex chromosome
geno some
'
:
phenotype
: the
physical appearance of organism
'
an
genotype
:
genetic makeup of organism
-
an
-
homozygous
:
if the pair of alleles at a locus are the same
'
heterozygous :
if the pair of alleles at a locus are different
dominant : the trait expressed in the
-
that is
offspring
recessive the trait that is suppressed presence of the dominant allele
-
:
in the and is not
expressed in the
offspring
filial Fi is the Fz is second
offspring
-
offspring first generation generation offspring
:
.
,
hybrid characteristic
-
mono Cross involving only
:
genetic cross one
-
punnet square : table used to calculate the filial genotype
test cross / back Cross used to determine
•
unknown genotype
: an
:
characteristics
•
traits
purebred that trait
'
homozygous for
:
, Principle of
'
segregation
:
characteristics of an
organism which are controlled by a
pair of
alleles separate when
gametes are formed in meiosis i.e each contains one pair of
.
gamete
alleles .
, History
↳ Mendel
Gregor ,
Austrian monk , was responsible for the modern
genetics in the 1800s
documented inheritance in peas
-
by use of the experimental method
Genes
↳
a section of DNA that controls a
hereditary trait
each chromosome has hundreds to thousand
-
genes
most somatic cells have an exact of
-
copy all the genes in that
organism
-
each cell contains two of each kind of gene ( maternal and paternal ) before replication
variations of genes called alleles
•
are
gene pool is the set of all
genes / genetic information population of sexually reproducing organism
-
in a
-
large gene pool
=
high genetic diversity and increased chance of survival
-
small
gene pool
=
low
genetic diversity and increased chance of extinction
How active are genes ?
Only that are needed are activated and others are suppressed Different genes
-
the are
genes .
activated in different cells ,
creating a
specific protein that
gives a cell type its character (skin cell )
some genes play
early development of embryo and inactivate after
'
a role in
needed for basic function
Housekeeping genes are active in cells
making proteins
-
,
A coding genes (occur between coding /
•
lot of genes are non -
in
Alleles
↳
genes responsible for controlling different versions of a trait found in the same locus (position /
On
homologous chromosomes
capital letter dominant
-
=
-
lower case =
recessive
