DNA - The code of life
Google.com. (2022). Redirect Notice. [online] Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Funsplash.com%2Fs%2Fphotos%2Fdna&psig=AOvVaw3LMuO_ddUzjVc2OV1AB5Q1&ust=1643270637308000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA
gQjRxqFwoTCND4r6r6zvUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD [Accessed 26 Jan. 2022].
1
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
2
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Nucleotide
Phosphate
ion
Deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous base
(Pentose sugar)
One Nucleotide always contains:
• 1 Phosphate ion
• 1 Pentose sugar
• 1 Nitrogenous base
3
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Nucleotide
Adenine (A)
Purines
Guanine (G)
Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C)
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)
Purines and Pyrimidines are complimentary
bases. NOTE:
DNA: Adenine Thymine Weak hydrogen
Guanine Cytosine bonds connect
RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine Nitrogenous bases
together 4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
Google.com. (2022). Redirect Notice. [online] Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Funsplash.com%2Fs%2Fphotos%2Fdna&psig=AOvVaw3LMuO_ddUzjVc2OV1AB5Q1&ust=1643270637308000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA
gQjRxqFwoTCND4r6r6zvUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD [Accessed 26 Jan. 2022].
1
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
2
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Nucleotide
Phosphate
ion
Deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous base
(Pentose sugar)
One Nucleotide always contains:
• 1 Phosphate ion
• 1 Pentose sugar
• 1 Nitrogenous base
3
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
, Nucleotide
Adenine (A)
Purines
Guanine (G)
Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C)
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)
Purines and Pyrimidines are complimentary
bases. NOTE:
DNA: Adenine Thymine Weak hydrogen
Guanine Cytosine bonds connect
RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine Nitrogenous bases
together 4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
