Chemical reactions:
Combustion:
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes all can go through the combustion reaction and
all have the same formula:
Alkane/Alkene/Alkyne + O₂ = CO₂ + H₂O
Step 1: write down the relevant hydrocarbon into the formula
Step 2: balance (start with carbon then hydrogen and then only oxygen)
Addition reaction:
(ONLY ALKENES AND ALKYNES CAN HAVE AN ADDITION REACTION) (we only do
alkenes)
Halogenation
- Halogen
- F₂ (fluorine), Cl₂ (chlorine), Br₂ (Bromine), I₂ (iodine)
- Room temp
Hydrohalogenation
- HF, HCl, HBr, HI
- Hydro-halide (hydrogen + halogen)
- Reaction conditions: no water present, Not Aqueous solution
Hydrogenation
- Hydrogen
- H₂
- Catalyst: Pt, Pd, Ni
- Reaction condition: alkene dissolved in organic solvent with catalyst
in an H₂ atmosphere
Hydration
- Water
- H₂O
- Reaction conditions: steam with catalyst (H₃PO₄)
, The markovnikov rule: (not in exam)
Indicates where we place the hydrogen in any halogen in an
asymmetrical alkene
Hydrogen that is bonded to the halogen will always go the carbon with
the greatest number of hydrogens attached
The carbon with the most hydrogens and also apart/attached to the
functional group, the halogen goes with the other carbon of the
functional group
1: halogenation:
The carbons are double bonded; one bond is extremely weak (PHI);
one is extremely strong (sigma)
Break spared electron pair (the PHI one because it is easier to break
and requires less energy), this process of splitting the electrons bond
is called homolytic fission
The electrons are now unpaired and are known as free radicals, a free
radical is when the electrons due to not being paired are in a very
reactive unstable state
They do not remain in the state for long as the halogen (also was
paired and underwent homolytic fission also and is also a free radical)
the one halogen bonds with one carbon and the other halogen bonds
with the other carbon.
CH₂ CH₂ + halogen CH₂ (halogen) CH₂ (halogen)
Fluorine= fluorination, bromine= bromination, chlorine =
chlorination, iodine = iodination
Combustion:
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes all can go through the combustion reaction and
all have the same formula:
Alkane/Alkene/Alkyne + O₂ = CO₂ + H₂O
Step 1: write down the relevant hydrocarbon into the formula
Step 2: balance (start with carbon then hydrogen and then only oxygen)
Addition reaction:
(ONLY ALKENES AND ALKYNES CAN HAVE AN ADDITION REACTION) (we only do
alkenes)
Halogenation
- Halogen
- F₂ (fluorine), Cl₂ (chlorine), Br₂ (Bromine), I₂ (iodine)
- Room temp
Hydrohalogenation
- HF, HCl, HBr, HI
- Hydro-halide (hydrogen + halogen)
- Reaction conditions: no water present, Not Aqueous solution
Hydrogenation
- Hydrogen
- H₂
- Catalyst: Pt, Pd, Ni
- Reaction condition: alkene dissolved in organic solvent with catalyst
in an H₂ atmosphere
Hydration
- Water
- H₂O
- Reaction conditions: steam with catalyst (H₃PO₄)
, The markovnikov rule: (not in exam)
Indicates where we place the hydrogen in any halogen in an
asymmetrical alkene
Hydrogen that is bonded to the halogen will always go the carbon with
the greatest number of hydrogens attached
The carbon with the most hydrogens and also apart/attached to the
functional group, the halogen goes with the other carbon of the
functional group
1: halogenation:
The carbons are double bonded; one bond is extremely weak (PHI);
one is extremely strong (sigma)
Break spared electron pair (the PHI one because it is easier to break
and requires less energy), this process of splitting the electrons bond
is called homolytic fission
The electrons are now unpaired and are known as free radicals, a free
radical is when the electrons due to not being paired are in a very
reactive unstable state
They do not remain in the state for long as the halogen (also was
paired and underwent homolytic fission also and is also a free radical)
the one halogen bonds with one carbon and the other halogen bonds
with the other carbon.
CH₂ CH₂ + halogen CH₂ (halogen) CH₂ (halogen)
Fluorine= fluorination, bromine= bromination, chlorine =
chlorination, iodine = iodination
