NURS 615 Advanced Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 1
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
What are the criteria for choosing an effective drug?
Correct Answer: Multiple drugs may be able to treat a specific condition. You
must consult nationally recognized guidelines for disease management to
determine the most effective drug.
Question 2.
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Correct Answer: Many drugs that carry an electric charge are bound to
albumin in the blood. The distribution of the drug to target tissues may be
affected if hypoalbuminemia is present.
Question 3.
What is the drug's half-life?
Correct Answer: In clinical practice it takes about four to five times the
half-life for a drugs concentration to read steady state after a drug is started,
stopped or changed. Hal life is the amount of time for a drug to be half
cleared.
Question 4.
What is meant by the onset of action, peak of action, duration of action of medications?
Correct Answer: The onset of action is the time between the drug
administration and the time that you see the drugs minimum effect. Onset is
the first sign of a drugs therapeutic effect. Peak of action is the time of the
maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. Duration of action is the
onset of action and the metabolism of the drug below the dose needed for an
effect.
Question 5.
Explain first pass metabolism.
Correct Answer: This occurs when the concentration of the drug is greatly
reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the portion of the drug
lost during absorption. Generally, occurs in the liver or gut wall. After a drug
is swallowed it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic
system. It is then carried by the portal vein to the liver before it reaches the
rest of the body. The liver metabolizes many drugs to such an extent that only
a small portion of the drug reaches the rest of the body. bioavailability of the
drug thus is greatly reduced by the liver. Sublingual administration can
, bypass the first pass system plus it is also faster than oral route.
Question 6.
What is a steady state?
Correct Answer: The overall intake of a drug is fairly and dynamic equilibrium
with its elimination. Steady state is reached when the time of four to five
times the half-life is reached since the drug had been started.
Question 7.
What factors affect the drug's absorption?
Correct Answer: Absorption involves several steps. First the drug must be
introduced via route of administration and the form of medication like tablet
or capsule. In IV or IM administration the absorption is less variable and
bioavailability is near 100%. IV administration is considered to lose no portion
of the drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. Drugs must pass
through the epithelial cells of the GI tract to be absorbed by the circulatory
system. Cell membranes may affect the absorption of some drugs because
they are made of lipid bilayers that are semi permeable. This means only small
uncharged solutes can pass through the membrane. Whether or not a
molecule is ionized affects the absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
Solubility favors charged species. Permeability favors neutral species. Some
molecules have special channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into
the circulation. The Henderson Hasselbeck equation offers a way to determine
the portion that is ionized in a given pH. Weak acids will be present in their
nonionic form in the stomach because of the acidic pH and bases will be in
their ionic form. Nonionic species diffuse easier through cell membranes.
Weak acids have a higher absorption rate in the stomach. The opposite is true
in the basic environment of the stomach.
Question 8.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450 system.
Correct Answer: CYPs are the major enzymes in drug metabolism. Must drugs
undergo deactivation by CYPs are directly facilitated secretion from the body.
Many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their active compound.
Many drugs increase or decrease the activity of CYPs isoenzymes either by
inducing biosynthesis of an isozyme, which is enzyme induction or by directly
inhibiting the activity of CYP which is enzyme inhibition. This is a major source
of adverse drug reactions since changes in CYPs activity may affect the
metabolism and clearance of certain drugs. When two drugs are both
metabolized by the CYP450 system the drugs should be administered at
separate times to prevent toxic effects.
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
What are the criteria for choosing an effective drug?
Correct Answer: Multiple drugs may be able to treat a specific condition. You
must consult nationally recognized guidelines for disease management to
determine the most effective drug.
Question 2.
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Correct Answer: Many drugs that carry an electric charge are bound to
albumin in the blood. The distribution of the drug to target tissues may be
affected if hypoalbuminemia is present.
Question 3.
What is the drug's half-life?
Correct Answer: In clinical practice it takes about four to five times the
half-life for a drugs concentration to read steady state after a drug is started,
stopped or changed. Hal life is the amount of time for a drug to be half
cleared.
Question 4.
What is meant by the onset of action, peak of action, duration of action of medications?
Correct Answer: The onset of action is the time between the drug
administration and the time that you see the drugs minimum effect. Onset is
the first sign of a drugs therapeutic effect. Peak of action is the time of the
maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. Duration of action is the
onset of action and the metabolism of the drug below the dose needed for an
effect.
Question 5.
Explain first pass metabolism.
Correct Answer: This occurs when the concentration of the drug is greatly
reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the portion of the drug
lost during absorption. Generally, occurs in the liver or gut wall. After a drug
is swallowed it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic
system. It is then carried by the portal vein to the liver before it reaches the
rest of the body. The liver metabolizes many drugs to such an extent that only
a small portion of the drug reaches the rest of the body. bioavailability of the
drug thus is greatly reduced by the liver. Sublingual administration can
, bypass the first pass system plus it is also faster than oral route.
Question 6.
What is a steady state?
Correct Answer: The overall intake of a drug is fairly and dynamic equilibrium
with its elimination. Steady state is reached when the time of four to five
times the half-life is reached since the drug had been started.
Question 7.
What factors affect the drug's absorption?
Correct Answer: Absorption involves several steps. First the drug must be
introduced via route of administration and the form of medication like tablet
or capsule. In IV or IM administration the absorption is less variable and
bioavailability is near 100%. IV administration is considered to lose no portion
of the drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. Drugs must pass
through the epithelial cells of the GI tract to be absorbed by the circulatory
system. Cell membranes may affect the absorption of some drugs because
they are made of lipid bilayers that are semi permeable. This means only small
uncharged solutes can pass through the membrane. Whether or not a
molecule is ionized affects the absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
Solubility favors charged species. Permeability favors neutral species. Some
molecules have special channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into
the circulation. The Henderson Hasselbeck equation offers a way to determine
the portion that is ionized in a given pH. Weak acids will be present in their
nonionic form in the stomach because of the acidic pH and bases will be in
their ionic form. Nonionic species diffuse easier through cell membranes.
Weak acids have a higher absorption rate in the stomach. The opposite is true
in the basic environment of the stomach.
Question 8.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450 system.
Correct Answer: CYPs are the major enzymes in drug metabolism. Must drugs
undergo deactivation by CYPs are directly facilitated secretion from the body.
Many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their active compound.
Many drugs increase or decrease the activity of CYPs isoenzymes either by
inducing biosynthesis of an isozyme, which is enzyme induction or by directly
inhibiting the activity of CYP which is enzyme inhibition. This is a major source
of adverse drug reactions since changes in CYPs activity may affect the
metabolism and clearance of certain drugs. When two drugs are both
metabolized by the CYP450 system the drugs should be administered at
separate times to prevent toxic effects.
