NUR 376 Patho 2027 Final Latest Questions and Answers - Updated Professional Prep with Verified Answers - A+ Verified

NUR 376 Patho 2027 Final Latest Questions and Answers -
Updated Professional Prep with Verified Answers - A+ Verified

Question 1.
Adaptive immunity is?

Correct Answer: -2nd line of defense against infection -Developed with
exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens -Includes B and T cells
to fight infection and create antibodies


Question 2.
Two major categories of adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)


Question 3.
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against
an antigen -Provides immediate but short term immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring
antibodies in breast milk


Question 4.
Active acquired adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent. Ex: Vaccine


Question 5.
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression

Correct Answer: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect
oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person
at higher risk for infection.


Question 6.
Define immunodeficiency

Correct Answer: Weakened immune system


Question 7.
Define primary immunodeficiency

,Correct Answer: Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common


Question 8.
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Correct Answer: Negatively affects both B and T cell development so there is
increased risk for infection.


Question 9.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Correct Answer: Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood Causes
immune system to attack newly transfused cells


Question 10.
WBC count normally vs. infection

Correct Answer: Normal: 4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection: ~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
• Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs -✓✓-leukopenia -leukocytosis
??


Question 11.
Hypervolemia

Correct Answer:


Question 12.
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean? what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6) what does it
treat? what are the nursing interventions?

Correct Answer: Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell
to shrink
Fluid Types: 1.) 3% Saline 2.) 5% Saline 3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline 4.) 5%
Dextrose in 0.45% Saline 5.) 5% Dextrose in LR 6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats: - Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium** -cerebral edema
Interventions: -Give cautiously in ICU via central line -Rapid absorption so
body can be affected quickly -Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte
imbalance, BP, HR

, Question 13.
Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean? what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3) Treats?
Contraindications?

Correct Answer: Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase
in intracellular concentration. Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion
of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types: 1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline) 2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal
saline) 3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats: - Hydrates cell -Hyperglycemia -Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications: -Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift
into brain tissue causing swelling) -Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)


Question 14.
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean? What are the fluid types? (4) Purpose?

Correct Answer: Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types: 1.) 0.9% Saline 2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O 3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225
Saline 4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose: To increase extracellular fluid Loss through: -Blood loss -Dehydration
(may be due to nausea & vomiting) -Surgery


Question 15.
Normal Electrolyte Levels

Correct Answer: Sodium: 135-145 Potassium: 3.5-5 Calcium- 9-11 Magnesium:
1.5-2.5 Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5


Question 16.
RAAS Steps

Correct Answer: 1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of RAAS
2. Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3. Liver releases angiotensinogen
4. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin
2
6. Angiotensin 2 causes: -vasoconstriction of blood vessels -aldosterone
release by adrenal glands (Na+ reabsorption & K+ excretion in kidneys) -ADH
release by posterior pituitary (increase H20 absorption)