NUR 376 Patho Exam 1
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Phases of Inflammation: Vascular Permeability .
Answer: Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation and opening of
capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to
arrive at site of injury.
Question 2.
Phases of Inflammation: Cellular Chemotaxis .
Answer: Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Results in
leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and into the
blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine
type and severity of infection.
Question 3.
Phases of Inflammation: Systemic Responses .
Answer: Patient experiences symptoms such as: -Fever -lymphadenopathy
(swollen lymph nodes) -pain -sleepiness -lethargy -anemia -weight loss **
Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are
responsible for many of these effects
Question 4.
Mediators of Inflammation (5) .
Answer: 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-alpha) -either amplify or
deactivate inflammatory response -stimulate liver to release acute phase
proteins
2. Chemokines - proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins -Facilitates WBC phagocytosis -Include: C reactive
protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
• What is acute inflammation? . Answer: Short term inflammatory response
that resolves once infection has been resolved.
Question 5.
What is chronic inflammation? .
Answer: Ongoing infection for a long period of time Ex: TB and autoimmune
diseases
,Question 6.
Stages of Infection (5) .
Answer: 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Question 7.
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression .
Answer: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person
at higher risk for infection.
Question 8.
Portals of Entry (4) .
Answer: 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Question 9.
Atrophy .
Answer: "Shrinking" When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they
shrink to decrease the demand and increase efficiency.
Question 10.
Metaplasia .
Answer: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type -Generally occurs in
response to chronic inflammation to enable tissue survival
Question 11.
Role of pyrogens in fever .
Answer: Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic
temperature-regulating center to a higher level
, Question 12.
Apoptosis .
Answer: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on
body
Question 13.
Antibody titer .
Answer: Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to the level of
exposure to the microbe
Question 14.
What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection? .
Answer: IgM
Question 15.
Innate immunity is? .
Answer: 1st line of defense against infection Nonspecific mechanism that
defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity . Answer: -Individual given pre made,
fully formed antibodies against an antigen -Provides immediate but short
term immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Question 16.
Active acquired adaptive immunity .
Answer: Longer lasting immunity than passive- acquired adaptive immunity
but not permanent. Ex: Vaccine
Question 17.
Adaptive immunity is? .
Answer: -2nd line of defense against infection -Developed with exposure to
antigens and targets particular pathogens -Includes B and T cells to fight
infection and create antibodies
Question 18.
Two major categories of adaptive immunity .
Answer: 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Phases of Inflammation: Vascular Permeability .
Answer: Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation and opening of
capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to
arrive at site of injury.
Question 2.
Phases of Inflammation: Cellular Chemotaxis .
Answer: Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Results in
leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and into the
blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine
type and severity of infection.
Question 3.
Phases of Inflammation: Systemic Responses .
Answer: Patient experiences symptoms such as: -Fever -lymphadenopathy
(swollen lymph nodes) -pain -sleepiness -lethargy -anemia -weight loss **
Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are
responsible for many of these effects
Question 4.
Mediators of Inflammation (5) .
Answer: 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-alpha) -either amplify or
deactivate inflammatory response -stimulate liver to release acute phase
proteins
2. Chemokines - proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins -Facilitates WBC phagocytosis -Include: C reactive
protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
• What is acute inflammation? . Answer: Short term inflammatory response
that resolves once infection has been resolved.
Question 5.
What is chronic inflammation? .
Answer: Ongoing infection for a long period of time Ex: TB and autoimmune
diseases
,Question 6.
Stages of Infection (5) .
Answer: 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Question 7.
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression .
Answer: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person
at higher risk for infection.
Question 8.
Portals of Entry (4) .
Answer: 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Question 9.
Atrophy .
Answer: "Shrinking" When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they
shrink to decrease the demand and increase efficiency.
Question 10.
Metaplasia .
Answer: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type -Generally occurs in
response to chronic inflammation to enable tissue survival
Question 11.
Role of pyrogens in fever .
Answer: Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic
temperature-regulating center to a higher level
, Question 12.
Apoptosis .
Answer: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on
body
Question 13.
Antibody titer .
Answer: Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to the level of
exposure to the microbe
Question 14.
What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection? .
Answer: IgM
Question 15.
Innate immunity is? .
Answer: 1st line of defense against infection Nonspecific mechanism that
defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity . Answer: -Individual given pre made,
fully formed antibodies against an antigen -Provides immediate but short
term immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Question 16.
Active acquired adaptive immunity .
Answer: Longer lasting immunity than passive- acquired adaptive immunity
but not permanent. Ex: Vaccine
Question 17.
Adaptive immunity is? .
Answer: -2nd line of defense against infection -Developed with exposure to
antigens and targets particular pathogens -Includes B and T cells to fight
infection and create antibodies
Question 18.
Two major categories of adaptive immunity .
Answer: 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
