NR 507 MIDTERM ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SCRIPT
COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ NYHA Functional Classifications- It's all about the impact on the patient's activity caused by the HF
symptoms:
Answer: -Stage I: Mild- no limitation of physical activity; Ordinary physical activity does not cause
symptoms -Stage II: Mild- slight limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; Ordinary physical
activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.
-Stage III: Moderate- marked decrease in physical activity; marked limitation of physical activity;
comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. -
Stage IV: Severe- inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of HF or the
anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any physical activity undertaken, discomfort is
increased.
◉ Heart Valve Disorders
Answer: Signs and Symptoms (Edapt Scenarios), Murmur Characteristics, Important to know Anatomy
,◉ Aortic Stenosis
Answer: Blood backed up into left ventricle causing perfusion problems for the rest of the body
Causes:
Bicuspid aortic valve- congenital condition (only two cusps to the aortic valve which usually has three
cusps)- the two cusps get damaged quicker because they are doing the work of three
Age related calcification- obstruction/ stenosis
Smoking, High BP, Hypertension, Hyperlipid, Diabetes
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms = SAD
S: Syncope
A: Angina
D: Dyspnea
, **Fainting
Chest pressure upon exercising
Sustained, laterally displaced apical pulse
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to the neck
S4 gallop present**
◉ Aortic Regurgitation
Answer: Blood is coming back from the Aorta into the L. Ventricle through the Aortic Valve
Causes
Widening or aneurysmal change of the aortic annulus (ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the aorta)
Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ NYHA Functional Classifications- It's all about the impact on the patient's activity caused by the HF
symptoms:
Answer: -Stage I: Mild- no limitation of physical activity; Ordinary physical activity does not cause
symptoms -Stage II: Mild- slight limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; Ordinary physical
activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.
-Stage III: Moderate- marked decrease in physical activity; marked limitation of physical activity;
comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. -
Stage IV: Severe- inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of HF or the
anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any physical activity undertaken, discomfort is
increased.
◉ Heart Valve Disorders
Answer: Signs and Symptoms (Edapt Scenarios), Murmur Characteristics, Important to know Anatomy
,◉ Aortic Stenosis
Answer: Blood backed up into left ventricle causing perfusion problems for the rest of the body
Causes:
Bicuspid aortic valve- congenital condition (only two cusps to the aortic valve which usually has three
cusps)- the two cusps get damaged quicker because they are doing the work of three
Age related calcification- obstruction/ stenosis
Smoking, High BP, Hypertension, Hyperlipid, Diabetes
Rheumatic Fever
Signs & Symptoms = SAD
S: Syncope
A: Angina
D: Dyspnea
, **Fainting
Chest pressure upon exercising
Sustained, laterally displaced apical pulse
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to the neck
S4 gallop present**
◉ Aortic Regurgitation
Answer: Blood is coming back from the Aorta into the L. Ventricle through the Aortic Valve
Causes
Widening or aneurysmal change of the aortic annulus (ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the aorta)
Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
