NR605 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
UPDATE || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
1. A patient is prescribed an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which biochemical mechanism is
responsible for the common side effect of a dry, hacking cough?
A. Increased histamine release from mast cells
B. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
C. Direct irritation of the alveolar basement membrane
D. Accumulation of bradykinin in the lungs
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors block the enzyme that breaks down bradykinin,
leading to its accumulation in the respiratory tract, which triggers the cough reflex.
2. When monitoring a patient on Digoxin, which electrolyte imbalance most significantly
increases the risk of Digoxin toxicity?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
,D. Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Low potassium levels increase digoxin binding to the Na+/K+
ATPase pump, significantly increasing the risk of toxicity.
3. Which of the following is the most appropriate monitoring parameter for a patient
receiving long-term Warfarin therapy?
A. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
B. Platelet count
C. International Normalized Ratio (INR)
D. Bleeding time
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: INR is the standardized measurement used to monitor the
effectiveness and safety of Warfarin therapy.
4. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with significant renal impairment primarily due to
the risk of which condition?
A. Lactic acidosis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypoglycemic shock
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is excreted renally; impaired clearance leads to
accumulation, which can cause life-threatening lactic acidosis.
5. A patient taking Amiodarone requires baseline and periodic monitoring of which organ
function due to the drug’s high iodine content?
A. Renal function
B. Thyroid function
C. Pancreatic function
D. Bone marrow density
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Amiodarone contains iodine and can cause both
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism; baseline TSH and periodic monitoring are required.
6. Why should Beta-blockers be used with caution in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. They can cause severe hyperglycemia
B. They increase the metabolic clearance of insulin
C. They may mask the tachycardia associated with hypoglycemia
D. They promote gluconeogenesis in the liver
Answer: C
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
UPDATE || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
1. A patient is prescribed an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which biochemical mechanism is
responsible for the common side effect of a dry, hacking cough?
A. Increased histamine release from mast cells
B. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
C. Direct irritation of the alveolar basement membrane
D. Accumulation of bradykinin in the lungs
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors block the enzyme that breaks down bradykinin,
leading to its accumulation in the respiratory tract, which triggers the cough reflex.
2. When monitoring a patient on Digoxin, which electrolyte imbalance most significantly
increases the risk of Digoxin toxicity?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
,D. Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Low potassium levels increase digoxin binding to the Na+/K+
ATPase pump, significantly increasing the risk of toxicity.
3. Which of the following is the most appropriate monitoring parameter for a patient
receiving long-term Warfarin therapy?
A. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
B. Platelet count
C. International Normalized Ratio (INR)
D. Bleeding time
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: INR is the standardized measurement used to monitor the
effectiveness and safety of Warfarin therapy.
4. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with significant renal impairment primarily due to
the risk of which condition?
A. Lactic acidosis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypoglycemic shock
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is excreted renally; impaired clearance leads to
accumulation, which can cause life-threatening lactic acidosis.
5. A patient taking Amiodarone requires baseline and periodic monitoring of which organ
function due to the drug’s high iodine content?
A. Renal function
B. Thyroid function
C. Pancreatic function
D. Bone marrow density
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Amiodarone contains iodine and can cause both
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism; baseline TSH and periodic monitoring are required.
6. Why should Beta-blockers be used with caution in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. They can cause severe hyperglycemia
B. They increase the metabolic clearance of insulin
C. They may mask the tachycardia associated with hypoglycemia
D. They promote gluconeogenesis in the liver
Answer: C
