Anatomy & Physiology 1 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers Updated 2026

Anatomy & Physiology 1
Final Exam Review
Questions and Answers
Updated 2026
AbductionB-BAnswerBMovementBawayBfromBtheBmidlineBofBtheBbody



AbsoluteBrefractoryBperiodB-
BAnswerBTheBminimumBlengthBofBtimeBafterBanBactionBpotentialBduringBwhichBanoth
erBactionBpotentialBcannotBbegin.



ActionBPotentialB-BAnswerBStepB1:BRestingBPotentialB

SodiumBandBpotassiumBchannelsBareBclosed.BNa+BrushBintoBtheBcell;BK+BareBconcentr
atedBinsideBtheBcell.BPotentialBdifference:B-85BmV.



StepB2:BDepolarization

SodiumBchannelsBopenBinBresponseBtoBaBstimulus.BNa+BrushBintoBtheBcellBaccordingB
toBtheBdictatesBofBdiffusion.BFinalBpotentialBdifferenceB+30BmV.



StepB3:BRepolarization

Na+BchannelsBcloseBandBK+BchannelsBopen.BK+BrushBoutBofBtheBcellBaccordingBtoBth
eBdictatesBofBdiffusion.BPotentialBdifference:BslightlyBbelowB-85BmV.



StepB4:BRestingBConditionsBRe-established

Na+BandBK+BchannelsBareBclosed.BSodium-
potassiumBexchangeBpumpBmovesBNa+BoutBandBK+Bin.BRestingBpotentialBdifference:B-
85BmV.

,*Hyperpolarization*

OneBmechanismBforBinhibitionBofBtheBfiringBofBtheBpost-
synapticBneuronBisBtoBcauseBhyperpolarizationBlikeBthatBwhichBfollowsBtheBpulseBofBa
nBactionBpotential.BThisBwouldBraiseBtheBthresholdBforBfiringBofBtheBneuron.



ActionBpotentialsB-
BAnswerBTheBnerveBcellsBwhichBareBusedBforBtheBperceptionBofBexternalBeventsBwill,
BuponBbeingBexcitedBbyBtheBproperBstimulus,BtransmitBanBactionBpotentialBdownBthei
rBaxons.BWhenBtheBelectricalBsignalBreachesBtheBaxonBterminalBbundle,BitBinteractsBw
ithBstructuresBcalledBsynapticBknobs.BItBstimulatesBanBinfluxBofBcalciumB(Ca2+)Bthroug
hBvoltage-gatedBCa2+Bgates.



ActiveBTransportB-
BAnswerBtheBmovementBofBionsBorBmoleculesBacrossBaBcellBmembraneBintoBaBregion
BofBhigherBconcentration,BassistedBbyBenzymesBandBrequiringBenergy.



*Na+/K+Bpump*



AdductionB-BAnswerBMovementBtowardBtheBmidlineBofBtheBbody



AdiposeBlooseBConnectiveBTissueB-BAnswerBFunction:B

-StoreBtriglyceridesBinBaBlargeBcentralBarea.B

-ServesBasBanBenergyBreserve



Appearance:B

-BAdipocytes

-NucleusB(darkBpurpleBdots)

-PlasmaBmembraneB(lightBpurpleBringsBsurroundingBtheBcell)

-CytoplasmB(lightBpurpleBspacesBinBbetweenBcells)

,Location:B

-SubcutaneousBlayerBofBtheBskin.

-AroundBheartBandBkidneys.



AnatomicalBFeaturesBofBtheBSpinalBCordBandBBrainB-BAnswerB*Brain:*



FrontalBLobe:B*CognitiveBskills.*B"ControlBpanel"BofBourBpersonalityBandBourBabilityBt
oBcommunicate.



PartialBLobe:B*SensationBandBperception*BandBtheBotherBisBconcernedBwithBintegratin
gBsensoryBinput,BprimarilyBwithBtheBvisualBsystem.



OccipitalBLobe:B*VisualBperception*



TemporalBLobe:B*AuditoryBperception*,BsuchBasBhearing,BandBholdsBtheBprimaryBaudit
oryBcortex.



*Cerebrum:*B

-*CerebralBlobe

-
TheBprincipalBandBmostBanteriorBpartBofBtheBbrainBinBvertebrates,BlocatedBinBtheBfro
ntBareaBofBtheBskullBandBconsistingBofBtwoBhemispheres,BleftBandBright,BseparatedBb
yBaBfissure.B

-
ItBisBresponsibleBforBtheBintegrationBofBcomplexBsensoryBandBneuralBfunctionsBandBth
eBinitiationBandBcoordinationBofBvoluntaryBactivityBinBtheBbody.



*Cerebellum:B*

-CerebralBLobe

-BLocatedBinBtheBinferior/posteriorBcranialBfossa.

, -BControls:BVoluntaryBmuscularBactivities.



*Brainstem:*

-
BConsistsBof:BMidbrain,Bpons,BandBmedullaBoblongataB(whichBisBtheBmostBvitalBpartB
ofBtheBbrainBcontrollingBheartBandBbloodBvessels,Betc.)



*Diencephalon*

-CerebralBlobe

-BLocatedBinBtheBmiddleBregionBandBisBsuperiorBtoBtheBbrainBstem.B

-BConsistsBof:Bthalamus,Bepithalamus,BandBtheBhypothalamus.

-BControls:BANS,BbodyBtemp.,BthirstBandBhunger.



AnatomyBofBtheBAutomaticBNervousBSystemB(ANS)B-
BAnswerB*RegulatesBtheBinvoluntaryBvitalBfunctions.B(HeartBandBsmoothBmuscleBactivi
ties)*



*SensoryBneurons:*

-
DealBwithBreceptorsBinBvisceralBorgans.BConveyiBnformationBfromBANSBreceptorsBtoBt
heBCNS.B



-
MonitorBinternalBconditionsBsuchBasBbloodBCO2BorBstretchingBinBtheBwallsBofBorgans
BorBvloodBvessels.



*MotorBneurons*:BconductBnerveBimpulsesBfromBtheBCNSBtoBhelpBregulateBsmoothB
muscle,BcardiacBmuscle,BandBglands.B



ForBexample:BPupilBdiameter,BheartBrateBchanges,BdilationBandBconstrictionBofBbloodB
vessels.