LIFE SCIENCE JUNE EXAM
NOTES
Grade 10
,Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 1
ORGANIC VS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS........................................................................................................... 5
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: WATER .................................................................................................................. 5
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: MINERALS ............................................................................................................. 5
MINERALS: FERTILISERS ................................................................................................................................... 5
MICRO ELEMENTS (MINI)................................................................................................................................. 6
MACRO ELEMENTS (NAKCAP) .......................................................................................................................... 6
NITRATES ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
PHOSPHATES ................................................................................................................................................... 7
EUTROPHICATION............................................................................................................................................ 7
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ................................................................................................................................... 8
MONOSACCHARIDES: SIMPLE SUGARS (GFG) .................................................................................................. 8
DISACCHARIDES (MSL) ..................................................................................................................................... 8
POLYSACCHARIDES (SGC)................................................................................................................................. 9
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES ............................................................................................. 9
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS ................................................................................. 10
LIPIDS: CHOLESTEROL .................................................................................................................................... 10
PROTEIN PLAYS A ROLE IN: ............................................................................................................................ 11
DEFICIENCY DISEASES FOR PROTEIN .............................................................................................................. 12
PROTEINS: ENZYMES ..................................................................................................................................... 12
ENERGY VALUES ............................................................................................................................................ 15
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 15
CELLS: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ...................................................................................................................... 15
THE CELL THEORY .......................................................................................................................................... 15
LIGHT MICROSCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... 15
CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION ..................................................................................................................... 16
CALCULATING ACTUAL SIZE ........................................................................................................................... 16
CELL STRUCTURE............................................................................................................................................ 16
THE CELL MEMBRANE (FLUID MOSAIC MODEL) ............................................................................................. 17
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE MEMBRANE ............................................................................ 17
OSMOSIS ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
CARRIER FACILITATED AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT............................................................................................ 17
THE NUCLEUS ................................................................................................................................................ 18
RIBOSOMES ................................................................................................................................................... 18
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) .................................................................................................................... 18
CYTOPLASM ................................................................................................................................................... 18
VACUOLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
LYSOSOMES ................................................................................................................................................... 19
GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY ............................................................................................................................. 19
MITOCHONDRION ......................................................................................................................................... 20
CENTRIOLES ................................................................................................................................................... 20
PLASTIDS ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
CHROMOPLASTS ............................................................................................................................................ 21
LEUCOPLASTS ................................................................................................................................................ 21
CHLOROPLASTS ............................................................................................................................................. 21
CELL WALL ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PLANT CELLS .......................................................................................................... 22
PLANT CELLS: ANIMAL CELLS: .................................................................................................... 22
CELL DIFFERENTIATION .................................................................................................................................. 24
HOW TO USE A MICROSCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 24
HOW TO PREPARE A WET MOUNT SLIDE ....................................................................................................... 24
MITOSIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
THE CELL CYCLE (TWO PHASES) ...................................................................................................................... 25
1
,WHAT IS INTERPHASE? .................................................................................................................................. 25
STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES ................................................................................................................... 25
FACTS ABOUT CHROMOSOMES ..................................................................................................................... 26
FUNCTIONS OF CHROMOSOMES ................................................................................................................... 26
MITOSIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
PHASES OF MITOSIS....................................................................................................................................... 26
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS DURING TELOPHASE ....................................................... 30
CANCER ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
TWO KINDS OF TUMOURS ............................................................................................................................. 31
KINDS OF CANCER.......................................................................................................................................... 31
CAUSES OF CANCER ....................................................................................................................................... 31
CARCINOGEN – CANCER CAUSING AGENTS.................................................................................................... 31
TREATMENT................................................................................................................................................... 32
PLANT TISSUES : IMPORTANT TERMS ............................................................................................................ 32
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ............................................................................................................................ 32
PLANT TISSUES (2 KINDS) ............................................................................................................................... 32
COHESION AND ADHESION ............................................................................................................................ 41
ANIMAL TISSUES ............................................................................................................................................ 42
FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 43
BLOOD PLATELETS = THROMBOCYTES ........................................................................................................... 47
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 49
CLONING ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
ANATOMY OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANT ................................................................................................... 50
DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED ................................................................................................................................ 50
ROOT SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................................................. 51
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT ROOT ................................................................................................................ 51
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT STEM ................................................................................................................. 51
DICOTYLEDONOUS STEM ............................................................................................................................... 52
EPIDERMIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
VASCULAR BUNDLES ...................................................................................................................................... 52
CORTEX.......................................................................................................................................................... 52
SECONDARY GROWTH ................................................................................................................................... 53
HEARTWOOD VS SAPWOOD .......................................................................................................................... 53
PLANT LEAVES ............................................................................................................................................... 54
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT LEAF .................................................................................................................. 54
STRUCTURES AND RELATED FUNCTIONS OF A LEAF ....................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS OF THE LEAF FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE ..................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS OF THE LEAF FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS .......................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS FOR WATER REGULATION .......................................................................................................... 56
REGULATION OF GAS MOVEMENT BY OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA ............................................... 56
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS .................................................................................................................................. 56
ABSORPTION OF WATER BY A ROOT HAIR .................................................................................................... 57
STRUCTURAL ADAPTION OF A ROOT HAIR FOR WATER ABSORPTION ........................................................... 57
UPWARD MOVEMENT OF WATER AND MINERAL SALTS THROUGH THE PLANT ............................................ 57
TRANSLOCATION OF FOOD FROM THE LEAF TO THE ROOTS .......................................................................... 58
TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 58
DEVICE THAT MEASURES THE RATE OF WATER UPTAKE OF A LEAFY SHOOT ................................................. 59
SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS .................................................................................................................... 60
EXOSKELETON ............................................................................................................................................... 60
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON ............................................................................................................................... 60
ENDOSKELETON ............................................................................................................................................. 60
THE HUMAN SKELETON ................................................................................................................................. 61
THE AXIAL SKELETON: THE CRANIUM (SKULL)................................................................................................ 61
ROLE OF TEETH AND JAWS ............................................................................................................................ 62
DENTAL FORMULA (HALF MOUTH) ................................................................................................................ 62
BONY THORAX (RIB CAGE) ............................................................................................................................. 62
2
, SPINAL/VERTEBRAL COLUMN ........................................................................................................................ 62
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND ARM ...................................................................... 63
THE PELVIC GIRDLE ........................................................................................................................................ 63
FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN SKELETON ......................................................................................................... 64
BONE CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................................................... 64
MORE ABOUT BONE ...................................................................................................................................... 64
STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE ....................................................................................................................... 65
JOINTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 66
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ............................................................................................................................ 66
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS ......................................................................................................... 66
HINGE JOINT .................................................................................................................................................. 67
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT ............................................................................................................................... 67
PIVOT JOINT (AXIAL JOINT) ............................................................................................................................ 67
GLIDING/PLANE JOINT ................................................................................................................................... 67
ROLES OF BONES AND TISSUES IN LOCOMOTION (MOVEMENT) ................................................................... 67
DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE SKELETON .......................................................................................................... 68
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN MAMMALS............................................................................................................. 69
WHY DO WE NEED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS? .................................................................................................... 69
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 69
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ............................................................................................................. 69
TWO DISTINCT CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ..................................................................................... 69
HOW DOES THE HUMAN BLOOD SYSTEM WORK? ......................................................................................... 70
SHAPE OF THE HEART .................................................................................................................................... 70
EXTERNAL HEART ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................... 70
INTERNAL HEART ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................... 71
HEART VALVES ............................................................................................................................................... 71
FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART ........................................................................................................ 72
THE CARDIAC CYCLE ....................................................................................................................................... 73
THE PULSE ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
HOW IS THE HEART CONTROLLED? ................................................................................................................ 73
BLOOD PRESSURE .......................................................................................................................................... 74
BLOOD VESSELS ............................................................................................................................................. 74
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS .................................................................................................................... 75
ARTERIES ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
VEINS ............................................................................................................................................................. 76
CAPILLARIES .................................................................................................................................................. 76
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CARDIAC SYSTEM .................................................................................... 78
VARICOSE VEINS ............................................................................................................................................ 79
EXAMPLES OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS ...................................................................................................... 79
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 79
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PLASMA, TISSUE FLUID AND LYMPH ................................................... 79
THE MOVEMENT OF LYMPH IN THE BODY ..................................................................................................... 80
ROLE OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN DEFENCE OF BODY...................................................................................... 80
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 81
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ............................................................................................................................ 81
TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 81
MARINE BIOMES OF SOUTH AFRICA .............................................................................................................. 82
FRESHWATER BIOMES ................................................................................................................................... 83
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES .................................................................................................................................... 83
ECOSYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................. 88
ABIOTIC FACTORS .......................................................................................................................................... 89
BIOTIC FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 92
ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 93
FLOW OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM IS ILLUSTRATED BY .............................................................................. 93
FOOD CHAINS ................................................................................................................................................ 93
FOOD WEBS ................................................................................................................................................... 93
3
NOTES
Grade 10
,Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 1
ORGANIC VS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS........................................................................................................... 5
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: WATER .................................................................................................................. 5
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: MINERALS ............................................................................................................. 5
MINERALS: FERTILISERS ................................................................................................................................... 5
MICRO ELEMENTS (MINI)................................................................................................................................. 6
MACRO ELEMENTS (NAKCAP) .......................................................................................................................... 6
NITRATES ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
PHOSPHATES ................................................................................................................................................... 7
EUTROPHICATION............................................................................................................................................ 7
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ................................................................................................................................... 8
MONOSACCHARIDES: SIMPLE SUGARS (GFG) .................................................................................................. 8
DISACCHARIDES (MSL) ..................................................................................................................................... 8
POLYSACCHARIDES (SGC)................................................................................................................................. 9
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES ............................................................................................. 9
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS ................................................................................. 10
LIPIDS: CHOLESTEROL .................................................................................................................................... 10
PROTEIN PLAYS A ROLE IN: ............................................................................................................................ 11
DEFICIENCY DISEASES FOR PROTEIN .............................................................................................................. 12
PROTEINS: ENZYMES ..................................................................................................................................... 12
ENERGY VALUES ............................................................................................................................................ 15
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 15
CELLS: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ...................................................................................................................... 15
THE CELL THEORY .......................................................................................................................................... 15
LIGHT MICROSCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... 15
CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION ..................................................................................................................... 16
CALCULATING ACTUAL SIZE ........................................................................................................................... 16
CELL STRUCTURE............................................................................................................................................ 16
THE CELL MEMBRANE (FLUID MOSAIC MODEL) ............................................................................................. 17
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE MEMBRANE ............................................................................ 17
OSMOSIS ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
CARRIER FACILITATED AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT............................................................................................ 17
THE NUCLEUS ................................................................................................................................................ 18
RIBOSOMES ................................................................................................................................................... 18
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) .................................................................................................................... 18
CYTOPLASM ................................................................................................................................................... 18
VACUOLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
LYSOSOMES ................................................................................................................................................... 19
GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY ............................................................................................................................. 19
MITOCHONDRION ......................................................................................................................................... 20
CENTRIOLES ................................................................................................................................................... 20
PLASTIDS ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
CHROMOPLASTS ............................................................................................................................................ 21
LEUCOPLASTS ................................................................................................................................................ 21
CHLOROPLASTS ............................................................................................................................................. 21
CELL WALL ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PLANT CELLS .......................................................................................................... 22
PLANT CELLS: ANIMAL CELLS: .................................................................................................... 22
CELL DIFFERENTIATION .................................................................................................................................. 24
HOW TO USE A MICROSCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 24
HOW TO PREPARE A WET MOUNT SLIDE ....................................................................................................... 24
MITOSIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
THE CELL CYCLE (TWO PHASES) ...................................................................................................................... 25
1
,WHAT IS INTERPHASE? .................................................................................................................................. 25
STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES ................................................................................................................... 25
FACTS ABOUT CHROMOSOMES ..................................................................................................................... 26
FUNCTIONS OF CHROMOSOMES ................................................................................................................... 26
MITOSIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
PHASES OF MITOSIS....................................................................................................................................... 26
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS DURING TELOPHASE ....................................................... 30
CANCER ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
TWO KINDS OF TUMOURS ............................................................................................................................. 31
KINDS OF CANCER.......................................................................................................................................... 31
CAUSES OF CANCER ....................................................................................................................................... 31
CARCINOGEN – CANCER CAUSING AGENTS.................................................................................................... 31
TREATMENT................................................................................................................................................... 32
PLANT TISSUES : IMPORTANT TERMS ............................................................................................................ 32
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ............................................................................................................................ 32
PLANT TISSUES (2 KINDS) ............................................................................................................................... 32
COHESION AND ADHESION ............................................................................................................................ 41
ANIMAL TISSUES ............................................................................................................................................ 42
FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 43
BLOOD PLATELETS = THROMBOCYTES ........................................................................................................... 47
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 49
CLONING ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
ANATOMY OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANT ................................................................................................... 50
DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED ................................................................................................................................ 50
ROOT SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................................................. 51
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT ROOT ................................................................................................................ 51
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT STEM ................................................................................................................. 51
DICOTYLEDONOUS STEM ............................................................................................................................... 52
EPIDERMIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
VASCULAR BUNDLES ...................................................................................................................................... 52
CORTEX.......................................................................................................................................................... 52
SECONDARY GROWTH ................................................................................................................................... 53
HEARTWOOD VS SAPWOOD .......................................................................................................................... 53
PLANT LEAVES ............................................................................................................................................... 54
CROSS SECTION OF A DICOT LEAF .................................................................................................................. 54
STRUCTURES AND RELATED FUNCTIONS OF A LEAF ....................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS OF THE LEAF FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE ..................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS OF THE LEAF FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS .......................................................................................... 55
ADAPTIONS FOR WATER REGULATION .......................................................................................................... 56
REGULATION OF GAS MOVEMENT BY OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA ............................................... 56
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS .................................................................................................................................. 56
ABSORPTION OF WATER BY A ROOT HAIR .................................................................................................... 57
STRUCTURAL ADAPTION OF A ROOT HAIR FOR WATER ABSORPTION ........................................................... 57
UPWARD MOVEMENT OF WATER AND MINERAL SALTS THROUGH THE PLANT ............................................ 57
TRANSLOCATION OF FOOD FROM THE LEAF TO THE ROOTS .......................................................................... 58
TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 58
DEVICE THAT MEASURES THE RATE OF WATER UPTAKE OF A LEAFY SHOOT ................................................. 59
SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS .................................................................................................................... 60
EXOSKELETON ............................................................................................................................................... 60
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON ............................................................................................................................... 60
ENDOSKELETON ............................................................................................................................................. 60
THE HUMAN SKELETON ................................................................................................................................. 61
THE AXIAL SKELETON: THE CRANIUM (SKULL)................................................................................................ 61
ROLE OF TEETH AND JAWS ............................................................................................................................ 62
DENTAL FORMULA (HALF MOUTH) ................................................................................................................ 62
BONY THORAX (RIB CAGE) ............................................................................................................................. 62
2
, SPINAL/VERTEBRAL COLUMN ........................................................................................................................ 62
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND ARM ...................................................................... 63
THE PELVIC GIRDLE ........................................................................................................................................ 63
FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN SKELETON ......................................................................................................... 64
BONE CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................................................... 64
MORE ABOUT BONE ...................................................................................................................................... 64
STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE ....................................................................................................................... 65
JOINTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 66
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ............................................................................................................................ 66
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS ......................................................................................................... 66
HINGE JOINT .................................................................................................................................................. 67
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT ............................................................................................................................... 67
PIVOT JOINT (AXIAL JOINT) ............................................................................................................................ 67
GLIDING/PLANE JOINT ................................................................................................................................... 67
ROLES OF BONES AND TISSUES IN LOCOMOTION (MOVEMENT) ................................................................... 67
DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE SKELETON .......................................................................................................... 68
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN MAMMALS............................................................................................................. 69
WHY DO WE NEED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS? .................................................................................................... 69
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 69
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ............................................................................................................. 69
TWO DISTINCT CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ..................................................................................... 69
HOW DOES THE HUMAN BLOOD SYSTEM WORK? ......................................................................................... 70
SHAPE OF THE HEART .................................................................................................................................... 70
EXTERNAL HEART ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................... 70
INTERNAL HEART ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................... 71
HEART VALVES ............................................................................................................................................... 71
FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART ........................................................................................................ 72
THE CARDIAC CYCLE ....................................................................................................................................... 73
THE PULSE ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
HOW IS THE HEART CONTROLLED? ................................................................................................................ 73
BLOOD PRESSURE .......................................................................................................................................... 74
BLOOD VESSELS ............................................................................................................................................. 74
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS .................................................................................................................... 75
ARTERIES ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
VEINS ............................................................................................................................................................. 76
CAPILLARIES .................................................................................................................................................. 76
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CARDIAC SYSTEM .................................................................................... 78
VARICOSE VEINS ............................................................................................................................................ 79
EXAMPLES OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS ...................................................................................................... 79
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 79
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PLASMA, TISSUE FLUID AND LYMPH ................................................... 79
THE MOVEMENT OF LYMPH IN THE BODY ..................................................................................................... 80
ROLE OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN DEFENCE OF BODY...................................................................................... 80
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 81
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ............................................................................................................................ 81
TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 81
MARINE BIOMES OF SOUTH AFRICA .............................................................................................................. 82
FRESHWATER BIOMES ................................................................................................................................... 83
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES .................................................................................................................................... 83
ECOSYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................. 88
ABIOTIC FACTORS .......................................................................................................................................... 89
BIOTIC FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 92
ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 93
FLOW OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM IS ILLUSTRATED BY .............................................................................. 93
FOOD CHAINS ................................................................................................................................................ 93
FOOD WEBS ................................................................................................................................................... 93
3
