Summary Acids and Bases

These notes combine detailed theory with worked examples, calculations, summaries, and exam-style questions to help learners confidently apply their knowledge in both theory and calculation-based questions. Key concepts are broken down into manageable sections, allowing students to master the topic while improving their problem-solving skills. Topics covered include: Introduction to acids and bases Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry, and Lewis theories Strong and weak acids and bases Conjugate acid-base pairs Ampholytes (amphiprotic substances) Ionisation and dissociation pH and pOH calculations Hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations Acid and base dissociation constants (Ka and Kb) Relationship between Ka, Kb and Kw The ionic product of water (Kw) Neutralisation reactions Acid-base titrations Indicators and end points Buffer solutions and their importance Hydrolysis of salts