For each disorder you have to know for exam:
1. Diagnostic criteria and match it to case study
2. Possible differential diagnosis
3. Developmental considerations (a developmental theory in
children-teens that explains or is interrupted by the disorder)
eg) attachment style, eriksons development
4. Aetiology/Causes: Use the 4Ps (Predisposing, Precipitating,
Perpetuating, and Protective) or the Biopsychosocial model
to case study aetiology/causes of disorder
5. Treatment approach best suited for the case and the disorder,
and take into consideration the SA context, and try to
substantiate your answer.
These are notes from the Child Psychopathology
Textbook by Mash et al. and includes:
Conduct disorder & Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Description
- Theories
- DSM-5-TR criteria
- Associated Characteristics
- Accompanying Disorders (what would be comorbid)
- Prevalence and Course
- Causes
- Treatment and Prevention
(highlighted sections above are what I focused on for assignments and what I only studied for the
exam)
My advice, because there is a lot of information per disorder, it's important when
studying to choose 1 or 2 Treatment plans that can be used, no matter the causes or
the 4Ps that you have assessed
, Conduct Disorders (CD)
Disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents common and typical part of development but can
become severe and persistent, = disruptive, impulsive-control, and conduct disorders.
often involve violating the rights of others and disregarding societal standards and rules.eg) stealing,
physical harm, school delinquency, and purposefully annoying others.
CD concerning due to their association with juvenile delinquency and adult criminality.
Firearm-related deaths have become the leading cause of death for children in the U.S., surpassing
motor vehicle accidents and other injuries.
Adolescents are more than twice as likely as adults to be victims of violence, often by other teens.
Tragic incidents like the 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting highlight the societal
impact of youth violence, with perpetrators often showing a history of social isolation, rejection,
unusual behavior, and a fascination with violent themes.
These events prompt questions about factors contributing to both violent and non-violent antisocial
behavior in youth.
Despite popular but inaccurate beliefs linking mental illness or video games to youth violence,
research continues to explore the causes and correlates of youth violence.
Significant progress has been made in understanding, reducing, and preventing youth violence and
other forms of serious antisocial conduct.
Description of Conduct Problems
Conduct problems and antisocial behaviors refer to a range of age-inappropriate actions and
attitudes in children or adolescents that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal
or property rights of others.
Children with these issues often have difficulty controlling their emotions and behaviors, exhibiting
behaviors from minor infractions like talking back or swearing to more serious actions like vandalism,
theft, and assault.
There are many types, pathways, causes, and outcomes of conduct problems, influenced by multiple
socioeconomic factors.
These factors include neglect and abuse, substance abuse disorders, and criminal issues within the
family, which may contribute to a higher incidence of conduct disorder in children and adolescents.
Aggressive behaviors in children are often an adaptation to home and neighborhood violence and
neglect, though these circumstances do not necessarily lead to conduct disorder but provide a context
for understanding and preventing these behaviors.
Example: Steve, a 12-year-old, stabbed his father and stole a car. His history includes lying, fighting,
and theft. Steve's actions were a response to witnessing his father raping his mother while she
screamed for help. After stabbing his father, fearing further physical abuse, Steve fled, stole a car, and
later crashed it.
Steve's situation highlights the complex interplay between sympathy and concern for youths with
severe conduct problems, who often suffer from serious emotional disturbance, and the outrage and
desire for punishment that their actions provoke.
, Society faces an inconsistency between the concern for children experiencing early adversity or abuse
and the tendency to criminalize and demonize youths who display violent behaviors.
As these youths age, they face a conflict between the mental health and juvenile justice systems
advocating for understanding and rehabilitation, and the general public and criminal justice system
demanding punishment and protection of victims.
Context Cost and Perspectives
Context
Cost of conduct disorder to society: Conduct disorders in young people significantly impact society,
involving costs related to the juvenile justice system, mental health services, and public health.
These costs include not only the direct expenses associated with managing and treating conduct
problems but also the broader societal implications, such as the long-term consequences of antisocial
behavior on community safety and individual well-being.
Context of antisocial behavior:
o Normalcy of rule-breaking: It is common for young people to engage in antisocial acts such
as lying, fighting, stealing, or driving under the influence. In 2019, significant percentages of
U.S. high school students reported consuming alcohol (29%), texting while driving (39%),
smoking cigarettes (24%), and driving after drinking (5.4%).
o Antisocial behavior over time: Antisocial behaviors typically emerge and then decline during
normal child development. For instance, most toddlers exhibit behaviors like hitting, lying,
and resisting authority, but these behaviors usually diminish as they grow older and learn to
control their actions.
o Parental observations: Around 50% of parents report that their preschoolers steal, lie,
disobey, or destroy property, compared to 10% of parents of young adolescents. This
decline is associated with the child's developing ability to manage emotions and recognize
norms.
Four perspectives of conduct problems: Understanding conduct problems involves viewing them
through various lenses:
o Juvenile justice perspective: Focuses on how conduct problems intersect with the legal
system, emphasizing the need for intervention to prevent future criminal behavior.
o Mental health perspective: Considers conduct problems as clinical issues that require
diagnosis and treatment, often linking them to underlying emotional or psychological
difficulties.
o Public health perspective: Looks at conduct problems in terms of their impact on community
health, advocating for preventive measures to reduce the incidence and consequences of
antisocial behavior.
o Developmental perspective: Emphasizes the importance of early identification and
intervention to address conduct problems before they escalate into more severe disorders.
Longitudinal studies: Research has shown that early signs of anger and aggression in infancy can lead
to an increased risk of significant behavioral problems by age 3 and diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant
Disorder (ODD) and/or Conduct Disorder by age 7. However, parental warmth and positive
interactions can act as protective factors, reducing the likelihood of these diagnoses. This underscores
1. Diagnostic criteria and match it to case study
2. Possible differential diagnosis
3. Developmental considerations (a developmental theory in
children-teens that explains or is interrupted by the disorder)
eg) attachment style, eriksons development
4. Aetiology/Causes: Use the 4Ps (Predisposing, Precipitating,
Perpetuating, and Protective) or the Biopsychosocial model
to case study aetiology/causes of disorder
5. Treatment approach best suited for the case and the disorder,
and take into consideration the SA context, and try to
substantiate your answer.
These are notes from the Child Psychopathology
Textbook by Mash et al. and includes:
Conduct disorder & Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Description
- Theories
- DSM-5-TR criteria
- Associated Characteristics
- Accompanying Disorders (what would be comorbid)
- Prevalence and Course
- Causes
- Treatment and Prevention
(highlighted sections above are what I focused on for assignments and what I only studied for the
exam)
My advice, because there is a lot of information per disorder, it's important when
studying to choose 1 or 2 Treatment plans that can be used, no matter the causes or
the 4Ps that you have assessed
, Conduct Disorders (CD)
Disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents common and typical part of development but can
become severe and persistent, = disruptive, impulsive-control, and conduct disorders.
often involve violating the rights of others and disregarding societal standards and rules.eg) stealing,
physical harm, school delinquency, and purposefully annoying others.
CD concerning due to their association with juvenile delinquency and adult criminality.
Firearm-related deaths have become the leading cause of death for children in the U.S., surpassing
motor vehicle accidents and other injuries.
Adolescents are more than twice as likely as adults to be victims of violence, often by other teens.
Tragic incidents like the 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting highlight the societal
impact of youth violence, with perpetrators often showing a history of social isolation, rejection,
unusual behavior, and a fascination with violent themes.
These events prompt questions about factors contributing to both violent and non-violent antisocial
behavior in youth.
Despite popular but inaccurate beliefs linking mental illness or video games to youth violence,
research continues to explore the causes and correlates of youth violence.
Significant progress has been made in understanding, reducing, and preventing youth violence and
other forms of serious antisocial conduct.
Description of Conduct Problems
Conduct problems and antisocial behaviors refer to a range of age-inappropriate actions and
attitudes in children or adolescents that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal
or property rights of others.
Children with these issues often have difficulty controlling their emotions and behaviors, exhibiting
behaviors from minor infractions like talking back or swearing to more serious actions like vandalism,
theft, and assault.
There are many types, pathways, causes, and outcomes of conduct problems, influenced by multiple
socioeconomic factors.
These factors include neglect and abuse, substance abuse disorders, and criminal issues within the
family, which may contribute to a higher incidence of conduct disorder in children and adolescents.
Aggressive behaviors in children are often an adaptation to home and neighborhood violence and
neglect, though these circumstances do not necessarily lead to conduct disorder but provide a context
for understanding and preventing these behaviors.
Example: Steve, a 12-year-old, stabbed his father and stole a car. His history includes lying, fighting,
and theft. Steve's actions were a response to witnessing his father raping his mother while she
screamed for help. After stabbing his father, fearing further physical abuse, Steve fled, stole a car, and
later crashed it.
Steve's situation highlights the complex interplay between sympathy and concern for youths with
severe conduct problems, who often suffer from serious emotional disturbance, and the outrage and
desire for punishment that their actions provoke.
, Society faces an inconsistency between the concern for children experiencing early adversity or abuse
and the tendency to criminalize and demonize youths who display violent behaviors.
As these youths age, they face a conflict between the mental health and juvenile justice systems
advocating for understanding and rehabilitation, and the general public and criminal justice system
demanding punishment and protection of victims.
Context Cost and Perspectives
Context
Cost of conduct disorder to society: Conduct disorders in young people significantly impact society,
involving costs related to the juvenile justice system, mental health services, and public health.
These costs include not only the direct expenses associated with managing and treating conduct
problems but also the broader societal implications, such as the long-term consequences of antisocial
behavior on community safety and individual well-being.
Context of antisocial behavior:
o Normalcy of rule-breaking: It is common for young people to engage in antisocial acts such
as lying, fighting, stealing, or driving under the influence. In 2019, significant percentages of
U.S. high school students reported consuming alcohol (29%), texting while driving (39%),
smoking cigarettes (24%), and driving after drinking (5.4%).
o Antisocial behavior over time: Antisocial behaviors typically emerge and then decline during
normal child development. For instance, most toddlers exhibit behaviors like hitting, lying,
and resisting authority, but these behaviors usually diminish as they grow older and learn to
control their actions.
o Parental observations: Around 50% of parents report that their preschoolers steal, lie,
disobey, or destroy property, compared to 10% of parents of young adolescents. This
decline is associated with the child's developing ability to manage emotions and recognize
norms.
Four perspectives of conduct problems: Understanding conduct problems involves viewing them
through various lenses:
o Juvenile justice perspective: Focuses on how conduct problems intersect with the legal
system, emphasizing the need for intervention to prevent future criminal behavior.
o Mental health perspective: Considers conduct problems as clinical issues that require
diagnosis and treatment, often linking them to underlying emotional or psychological
difficulties.
o Public health perspective: Looks at conduct problems in terms of their impact on community
health, advocating for preventive measures to reduce the incidence and consequences of
antisocial behavior.
o Developmental perspective: Emphasizes the importance of early identification and
intervention to address conduct problems before they escalate into more severe disorders.
Longitudinal studies: Research has shown that early signs of anger and aggression in infancy can lead
to an increased risk of significant behavioral problems by age 3 and diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant
Disorder (ODD) and/or Conduct Disorder by age 7. However, parental warmth and positive
interactions can act as protective factors, reducing the likelihood of these diagnoses. This underscores
