ASSIGNMENT 2 SEMESTER 1 2026
UNIQUE NO.
DUE DATE: 28 MAY 2026
, Teaching English first additional language - TMN3701
Assignment 2
QUESTION 1
1.1 Cummins’ (1980) Dual-Iceberg Representation of Bilingual Proficiency (10)
Cummins’ dual-iceberg theory explains that although two languages may appear
separate on the surface, they share a common underlying cognitive system underneath.
The visible tops of the two icebergs represent the outward features of each language,
such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Beneath the surface lies the Common
Underlying Proficiency (CUP), which includes thinking skills, literacy abilities and
conceptual understanding that can transfer from one language to another.
This theory relates to Thabo’s situation because he already has strong literacy skills in
his Home Language. He can read, write and understand complex ideas effectively in
that language. Although he struggles to express these ideas in English, the cognitive
and literacy skills he developed in his Home Language still exist beneath the surface
and can support his English learning. His difficulty is therefore not a lack of intelligence
or understanding, but rather limited English vocabulary and language proficiency. With
appropriate support, the skills he already possesses can transfer to English through the
CUP.
1.2 Using the Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) to Transfer Literacy Skills
(12)
Thabo’s teacher can use the Common Underlying Proficiency to help him transfer
literacy skills from his Home Language to English FAL lessons.
Predicting