NUR 376 PATHO FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Innate immunity is? - ANS 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - ANS -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - ANS 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - ANS -Individual given pre made, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - ANS Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
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,Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - ANS Immunocompetence refers to the
individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for
infection.
Define immunodeficiency - ANS Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency - ANS Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - ANS Negatively affects both B and T cell
development so there is increased risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - ANS Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - ANS Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - ANS -leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - ANS
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,Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - ANS Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space,
causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
Hypotonic IV Solution
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 42
, what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? - ANS Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANS Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 42
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
Innate immunity is? - ANS 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - ANS -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - ANS 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - ANS -Individual given pre made, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - ANS Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 42
,Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - ANS Immunocompetence refers to the
individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for
infection.
Define immunodeficiency - ANS Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency - ANS Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - ANS Negatively affects both B and T cell
development so there is increased risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - ANS Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - ANS Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - ANS -leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - ANS
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 42
,Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - ANS Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space,
causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
Hypotonic IV Solution
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 42
, what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? - ANS Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANS Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 42
