NURS 615 PHARM EXAM 1 MARYVILLE TEST
BANK 2025/2026 LATEST EDITION WITH
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are the criteria for choosing an effective drug? Answer:
Multiple drugs may be able to treat a specific condition. You must
consult nationally recognized guidelines for disease management to
determine the most effective drug.
◍ How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Answer: Many drugs that carry an electric charge are bound to albumin
in the blood. The distribution of the drug to target tissues may be
affected if hypoalbuminemia is present.
◍ What is the drug's half-life? Answer: In clinical practice it takes about
four to five times the half-life for a drugs concentration to read steady
state after a drug is started, stopped or changed. Hal life is the amount of
time for a drug to be half cleared.
◍ What is meant by the onset of action, peak of action, duration of
action of medications? Answer: The onset of action is the time between
the drug administration and the time that you see the drugs minimum
,effect. Onset is the first sign of a drugs therapeutic effect. Peak of action
is the time of the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood.
Duration of action is the onset of action and the metabolism of the drug
below the dose needed for an effect.
◍ Explain first pass metabolism. Answer: This occurs when the
concentration of the drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the
systemic circulation. It is the portion of the drug lost during absorption.
Generally, occurs in the liver or gut wall. After a drug is swallowed it is
absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic system. It is then
carried by the portal vein to the liver before it reaches the rest of the
body. The liver metabolizes many drugs to such an extent that only a
small portion of the drug reaches the rest of the body. bioavailability of
the drug thus is greatly reduced by the liver. Sublingual administration
can bypass the first pass system plus it is also faster than oral route.
◍ What is a steady state? Answer: The overall intake of a drug is fairly
and dynamic equilibrium with its elimination. Steady state is reached
when the time of four to five times the half-life is reached since the drug
had been started.
◍ What factors affect the drug's absorption? Answer: Absorption
involves several steps. First the drug must be introduced via route of
administration and the form of medication like tablet or capsule. In IV or
IM administration the absorption is less variable and bioavailability is
near 100%. IV administration is considered to lose no portion of the
drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. Drugs must pass
through the epithelial cells of the GI tract to be absorbed by the
, circulatory system. Cell membranes may affect the absorption of some
drugs because they are made of lipid bilayers that are semi permeable.
This means only small uncharged solutes can pass through the
membrane. Whether or not a molecule is ionized affects the absorption,
since ionic molecules are charged. Solubility favors charged species.
Permeability favors neutral species. Some molecules have special
channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation. The
Henderson Hasselbeck equation offers a way to determine the portion
that is ionized in a given pH. Weak acids will be present in their
nonionic form in the stomach because of the acidic pH and bases will be
in their ionic form. Nonionic species diffuse easier through cell
membranes. Weak acids have a higher absorption rate in the stomach.
The opposite is true in the basic environment of the stomach.
◍ Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450
system. Answer: CYPs are the major enzymes in drug metabolism. Must
drugs undergo deactivation by CYPs are directly facilitated secretion
from the body. Many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their
active compound. Many drugs increase or decrease the activity of CYPs
isoenzymes either by inducing biosynthesis of an isozyme, which is
enzyme induction or by directly inhibiting the activity of CYP which is
enzyme inhibition. This is a major source of adverse drug reactions since
changes in CYPs activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of
certain drugs. When two drugs are both metabolized by the CYP450
system the drugs should be administered at separate times to prevent
toxic effects.
◍ What is the efficacy of the drug? Answer: Efficacy is the maximum
response achievable from a drug. Intrinsic activity is a term used to
BANK 2025/2026 LATEST EDITION WITH
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are the criteria for choosing an effective drug? Answer:
Multiple drugs may be able to treat a specific condition. You must
consult nationally recognized guidelines for disease management to
determine the most effective drug.
◍ How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Answer: Many drugs that carry an electric charge are bound to albumin
in the blood. The distribution of the drug to target tissues may be
affected if hypoalbuminemia is present.
◍ What is the drug's half-life? Answer: In clinical practice it takes about
four to five times the half-life for a drugs concentration to read steady
state after a drug is started, stopped or changed. Hal life is the amount of
time for a drug to be half cleared.
◍ What is meant by the onset of action, peak of action, duration of
action of medications? Answer: The onset of action is the time between
the drug administration and the time that you see the drugs minimum
,effect. Onset is the first sign of a drugs therapeutic effect. Peak of action
is the time of the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood.
Duration of action is the onset of action and the metabolism of the drug
below the dose needed for an effect.
◍ Explain first pass metabolism. Answer: This occurs when the
concentration of the drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the
systemic circulation. It is the portion of the drug lost during absorption.
Generally, occurs in the liver or gut wall. After a drug is swallowed it is
absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic system. It is then
carried by the portal vein to the liver before it reaches the rest of the
body. The liver metabolizes many drugs to such an extent that only a
small portion of the drug reaches the rest of the body. bioavailability of
the drug thus is greatly reduced by the liver. Sublingual administration
can bypass the first pass system plus it is also faster than oral route.
◍ What is a steady state? Answer: The overall intake of a drug is fairly
and dynamic equilibrium with its elimination. Steady state is reached
when the time of four to five times the half-life is reached since the drug
had been started.
◍ What factors affect the drug's absorption? Answer: Absorption
involves several steps. First the drug must be introduced via route of
administration and the form of medication like tablet or capsule. In IV or
IM administration the absorption is less variable and bioavailability is
near 100%. IV administration is considered to lose no portion of the
drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. Drugs must pass
through the epithelial cells of the GI tract to be absorbed by the
, circulatory system. Cell membranes may affect the absorption of some
drugs because they are made of lipid bilayers that are semi permeable.
This means only small uncharged solutes can pass through the
membrane. Whether or not a molecule is ionized affects the absorption,
since ionic molecules are charged. Solubility favors charged species.
Permeability favors neutral species. Some molecules have special
channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation. The
Henderson Hasselbeck equation offers a way to determine the portion
that is ionized in a given pH. Weak acids will be present in their
nonionic form in the stomach because of the acidic pH and bases will be
in their ionic form. Nonionic species diffuse easier through cell
membranes. Weak acids have a higher absorption rate in the stomach.
The opposite is true in the basic environment of the stomach.
◍ Identify drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the P450
system. Answer: CYPs are the major enzymes in drug metabolism. Must
drugs undergo deactivation by CYPs are directly facilitated secretion
from the body. Many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their
active compound. Many drugs increase or decrease the activity of CYPs
isoenzymes either by inducing biosynthesis of an isozyme, which is
enzyme induction or by directly inhibiting the activity of CYP which is
enzyme inhibition. This is a major source of adverse drug reactions since
changes in CYPs activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of
certain drugs. When two drugs are both metabolized by the CYP450
system the drugs should be administered at separate times to prevent
toxic effects.
◍ What is the efficacy of the drug? Answer: Efficacy is the maximum
response achievable from a drug. Intrinsic activity is a term used to
