ENGLISH IEB LANGUAGEAND AND GRAMMAR
Contents
HOW TO STRUCTURE ANSWERS.............................................................................................. 2
LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR............................................................................................................. 6
Loose and Periodic Sentences......................................................................................................... 6
Loose Sentences:......................................................................................................................... 6
Periodic Sentences:...................................................................................................................... 6
Active and passive voice................................................................................................................. 7
ACTIVE VOICE — The doer comes first......................................................................................... 7
Direct and Indirect Speech:............................................................................................................. 8
Direct Speech: (quoted)............................................................................................................... 8
Indirect Speech: (reported).......................................................................................................... 8
Direct to Indirect Speech Transformation Table:............................................................................. 9
Simple Sentences:......................................................................................................................... 11
Compound Sentences:.................................................................................................................. 11
Complex Sentences:...................................................................................................................... 11
Phrases and Sentences................................................................................................................. 12
Pronouns....................................................................................................................................... 12
Punctuation................................................................................................................................... 13
Changing parts of speech rules..................................................................................................... 15
Textual Editing.............................................................................................................................. 16
1
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, SKILSS
ENGLISH (IEB) PAPER 1 SKILS GUIDE
GENERAL MARK ALLOCATION & SKILL TYPES
1–2 Mark Questions (Basic Level)
Skills: Literal understanding or simple reorganisation of information.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Be clear, accurate, and complete.
One clear point (basic idea) « 1 mark
Two linked ideas OR one idea with clear explanation « 2 marks
3 Mark Questions (Moderate Level)
Skills: Understanding, analysing, inferring.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Engage fully with the question, give evidence, and explain meaning
clearly.
Developed idea + 2-3 quote + explanation + effect
4 Mark Questions (Advanced Level)
Skills: Deeper analysis, evaluation, linking ideas.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Address all parts of the question, make connections between ideas, and
include evidence.
Usually needs two full points with effects and justification
5 Mark Questions (Highest Level)
Skills: Full analysis, synthesis, application, critical thinking.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Refer to multiple elements, make insightful links, and apply
understanding to broader contexts.
HOW TO STRUCTURE ANSWERS
(2-3 marks)
GROUPED IDEAS
What it means: Your answer should have more than one idea that is connected.
How to do it: Give two related ideas or explain the idea in two parts.
Tone + Persuasive effect = grouped ideas = 2 marks
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
What it means: Don’t only say what the text says. Say what it implies or what is suggested
indirectly.
How to do it: Use words like suggests, implies, reveals, hints at, shows that…
JUSTIFYING / QUOTE INTEGRATION
What it means: Don’t just drop a quote. Use it as part of your sentence to support your point.
How to do it: Put short quotes (max 5-6 words) inside your sentence and explain them.
LINKED IDEAS / CAUSE AND EFFECT
What it means: Show the connection between two ideas or how one thing causes another.
How to do it: Use linking words like therefore, as a result, because this shows, this highlights…
JUDGING EFFECTIVENESS
What it means: Say whether something worked well or not — and why.
How to do it: Mention the technique (e.g. tone, irony), say what it achieves, and explain why
it's convincing or suitable.
(4-5 marks)
COMPARISON QUESTIONS ANSWER STRUCTURE
Start by your winner: Focus more on the poem/poster/cartoon you think is better.
Give strong reasons why you like it (e.g., clearer message, better visuals, stronger emotional
impact, etc.).
DO NOT just say the opposite about the other one (e.g., if one is clear, don’t just say the other is
confusing — give a different reason).
Mention the second one, but only briefly.
In either your first or last sentence, explain why the second one is not as good (e.g., too busy,
unclear message, less relatable etc)
Use different reasons for both – don't just repeat the same idea.
Finalise with a conclusion sentence
2
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, LANGUAGE AND TECHNIQUES
1. Persuasive Techniques
Marks: 1–4
How to Answer:
Identify the technique (e.g., statistics, rhetorical question, emotive language, repetition).
Explain how it’s used (e.g., “Statistics like ‘56%’ make the argument sound credible”).
Explain Effectiveness (e.g., “It appeals to logic and makes the message more convincing”).
2. Message & Visual Clues
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
State the main message (e.g., “The ad promotes healthy eating”).
Identify visual clues (e.g., “Bright fruits = energy and health; dark background = danger”).
Explain how visuals support the message (e.g., “The bright colours make healthy food look
appealing”).
3. Target Audience / Market
Marks: 1–3
How to Answer:
Identify the audience (e.g., teenagers, parents, businesspeople).
Justify your answer using visual or verbal clues:
o Slang = teens
o Baby in ad = parents
o Business suit = professionals
4. Connotation / Viewer Impact
Marks: 3
How to Answer:
Quote the word or phrase (e.g., “spare parts”).
Explain the deeper meaning (e.g., “Suggests people are being treated like machines”).
Describe the impact (e.g., “Makes the viewer feel uncomfortable or concerned”).
5. Visual Comparison
Marks: 2–4
How to Answer:
State your view (e.g., “Ad A is more effective than Ad B”).
Explain each ad’s message briefly.
Compare visuals and words in each.
Justify why one ad is stronger or how they differ.
6. Techniques of Humour
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
Identify the humour technique (e.g., irony, exaggeration, pun).
Explain why it’s funny (e.g., “An unexpected twist makes the situation ridiculous”).
State the message behind the humour.
Comment on effectiveness (e.g., “It grabs attention and makes the message memorable”).
7. Layout / Font / Sentence Types & Effectiveness
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
Identify elements:
o Layout (e.g., arrows, divided image)
o Font (e.g., playful, bold, dynamic)
o Sentences (e.g., short commands: “Act now!”)
Explain how this supports the message (e.g., “Bold font draws attention to urgency”).
3
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Contents
HOW TO STRUCTURE ANSWERS.............................................................................................. 2
LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR............................................................................................................. 6
Loose and Periodic Sentences......................................................................................................... 6
Loose Sentences:......................................................................................................................... 6
Periodic Sentences:...................................................................................................................... 6
Active and passive voice................................................................................................................. 7
ACTIVE VOICE — The doer comes first......................................................................................... 7
Direct and Indirect Speech:............................................................................................................. 8
Direct Speech: (quoted)............................................................................................................... 8
Indirect Speech: (reported).......................................................................................................... 8
Direct to Indirect Speech Transformation Table:............................................................................. 9
Simple Sentences:......................................................................................................................... 11
Compound Sentences:.................................................................................................................. 11
Complex Sentences:...................................................................................................................... 11
Phrases and Sentences................................................................................................................. 12
Pronouns....................................................................................................................................... 12
Punctuation................................................................................................................................... 13
Changing parts of speech rules..................................................................................................... 15
Textual Editing.............................................................................................................................. 16
1
@studysmarterpro-stuvia
, SKILSS
ENGLISH (IEB) PAPER 1 SKILS GUIDE
GENERAL MARK ALLOCATION & SKILL TYPES
1–2 Mark Questions (Basic Level)
Skills: Literal understanding or simple reorganisation of information.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Be clear, accurate, and complete.
One clear point (basic idea) « 1 mark
Two linked ideas OR one idea with clear explanation « 2 marks
3 Mark Questions (Moderate Level)
Skills: Understanding, analysing, inferring.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Engage fully with the question, give evidence, and explain meaning
clearly.
Developed idea + 2-3 quote + explanation + effect
4 Mark Questions (Advanced Level)
Skills: Deeper analysis, evaluation, linking ideas.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Address all parts of the question, make connections between ideas, and
include evidence.
Usually needs two full points with effects and justification
5 Mark Questions (Highest Level)
Skills: Full analysis, synthesis, application, critical thinking.
Tips for Excellent Answers: Refer to multiple elements, make insightful links, and apply
understanding to broader contexts.
HOW TO STRUCTURE ANSWERS
(2-3 marks)
GROUPED IDEAS
What it means: Your answer should have more than one idea that is connected.
How to do it: Give two related ideas or explain the idea in two parts.
Tone + Persuasive effect = grouped ideas = 2 marks
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
What it means: Don’t only say what the text says. Say what it implies or what is suggested
indirectly.
How to do it: Use words like suggests, implies, reveals, hints at, shows that…
JUSTIFYING / QUOTE INTEGRATION
What it means: Don’t just drop a quote. Use it as part of your sentence to support your point.
How to do it: Put short quotes (max 5-6 words) inside your sentence and explain them.
LINKED IDEAS / CAUSE AND EFFECT
What it means: Show the connection between two ideas or how one thing causes another.
How to do it: Use linking words like therefore, as a result, because this shows, this highlights…
JUDGING EFFECTIVENESS
What it means: Say whether something worked well or not — and why.
How to do it: Mention the technique (e.g. tone, irony), say what it achieves, and explain why
it's convincing or suitable.
(4-5 marks)
COMPARISON QUESTIONS ANSWER STRUCTURE
Start by your winner: Focus more on the poem/poster/cartoon you think is better.
Give strong reasons why you like it (e.g., clearer message, better visuals, stronger emotional
impact, etc.).
DO NOT just say the opposite about the other one (e.g., if one is clear, don’t just say the other is
confusing — give a different reason).
Mention the second one, but only briefly.
In either your first or last sentence, explain why the second one is not as good (e.g., too busy,
unclear message, less relatable etc)
Use different reasons for both – don't just repeat the same idea.
Finalise with a conclusion sentence
2
@studysmarterpro-stuvia
, LANGUAGE AND TECHNIQUES
1. Persuasive Techniques
Marks: 1–4
How to Answer:
Identify the technique (e.g., statistics, rhetorical question, emotive language, repetition).
Explain how it’s used (e.g., “Statistics like ‘56%’ make the argument sound credible”).
Explain Effectiveness (e.g., “It appeals to logic and makes the message more convincing”).
2. Message & Visual Clues
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
State the main message (e.g., “The ad promotes healthy eating”).
Identify visual clues (e.g., “Bright fruits = energy and health; dark background = danger”).
Explain how visuals support the message (e.g., “The bright colours make healthy food look
appealing”).
3. Target Audience / Market
Marks: 1–3
How to Answer:
Identify the audience (e.g., teenagers, parents, businesspeople).
Justify your answer using visual or verbal clues:
o Slang = teens
o Baby in ad = parents
o Business suit = professionals
4. Connotation / Viewer Impact
Marks: 3
How to Answer:
Quote the word or phrase (e.g., “spare parts”).
Explain the deeper meaning (e.g., “Suggests people are being treated like machines”).
Describe the impact (e.g., “Makes the viewer feel uncomfortable or concerned”).
5. Visual Comparison
Marks: 2–4
How to Answer:
State your view (e.g., “Ad A is more effective than Ad B”).
Explain each ad’s message briefly.
Compare visuals and words in each.
Justify why one ad is stronger or how they differ.
6. Techniques of Humour
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
Identify the humour technique (e.g., irony, exaggeration, pun).
Explain why it’s funny (e.g., “An unexpected twist makes the situation ridiculous”).
State the message behind the humour.
Comment on effectiveness (e.g., “It grabs attention and makes the message memorable”).
7. Layout / Font / Sentence Types & Effectiveness
Marks: 2–3
How to Answer:
Identify elements:
o Layout (e.g., arrows, divided image)
o Font (e.g., playful, bold, dynamic)
o Sentences (e.g., short commands: “Act now!”)
Explain how this supports the message (e.g., “Bold font draws attention to urgency”).
3
@studysmarterpro-stuvia
