,Contents
Chapter 1 zl Speaking of Statistics....................................................................................... 1
zl zl
Chapter 2 zl Measurement in Statistics .............................................................................. 13
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Chapter 3 zl Visual Displays of Data ................................................................................. 21
zl zl zl
Chapter 4 zl Describing Data ............................................................................................. 44
zl
Chapter 5 zl A Normal World ............................................................................................ 63
zl zl
Chapter 6 zl Probability in Statistics .................................................................................. 71
zl zl
Chapter 7 zl Correlation and Causality .............................................................................. 83
zl zl
Chapter 8 zl Inferences from Samples to Populations ...................................................... 100
zl zl zl zl
Chapter 9 zl Hypothesis Testing ...................................................................................... 108
zl
Chapter 10 zl t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA..................................................... 123
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Answers ........................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
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Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or ans
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wers the question.
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For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
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1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Population B) Sample zl
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17% ar
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e behind in their tax payments.
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A) Population B) Sample zl
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
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3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter zl
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17% ar
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e behind in their tax payments.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter zl
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois community sh
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owed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter whom the De
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mocrats chose for vice- zl zl zl
president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the com
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munity. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
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A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600 zl zl zl zl zl
C) 318 to 366 zl D) 53% to 61%
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6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed limits w
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ith a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that 34% favored stric
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t enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were used in both polls, one m
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ay conclude that zl zl
A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 8%.
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B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 4%.
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C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikely samples from the population.
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D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
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7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, believe
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d that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Although 65% plu
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
s or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular event. The raw dat
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a of the study is (are)
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A) 65% of the sample. zl zl zl
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. zl zl zl
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. zl zl zl zl zl
D) (60%, 70%) zl
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What is the fi
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rst step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
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A) Select a random sample of students. zl zl zl zl zl
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. zl zl zl zl zl zl
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
D) Select a random sample of teachers. zl zl zl zl zl
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. zl zl zl zl zl
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample dat
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a.
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Census data B) Sample data
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10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their tax p
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
ayments.
A) Census data B) Sample data
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For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
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11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover on
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what should be white clothes.
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A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
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C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
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D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
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12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determine the most popular book among junior high st
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udents. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
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A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
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B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
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C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
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D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
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For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
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13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
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15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 people c
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ontacted, 15 said they use the product.
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A) Observational B) Experimental zl
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the effect of
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pollution from the factory on the fish.
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A) Observational B) Experimental zl
2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. zl zl zl zl zl
Chapter 1 zl Speaking of Statistics....................................................................................... 1
zl zl
Chapter 2 zl Measurement in Statistics .............................................................................. 13
zl zl
Chapter 3 zl Visual Displays of Data ................................................................................. 21
zl zl zl
Chapter 4 zl Describing Data ............................................................................................. 44
zl
Chapter 5 zl A Normal World ............................................................................................ 63
zl zl
Chapter 6 zl Probability in Statistics .................................................................................. 71
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Chapter 7 zl Correlation and Causality .............................................................................. 83
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Chapter 8 zl Inferences from Samples to Populations ...................................................... 100
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Chapter 9 zl Hypothesis Testing ...................................................................................... 108
zl
Chapter 10 zl t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA..................................................... 123
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Answers ........................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
zl zl zl zl
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or ans
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wers the question.
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For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
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1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Population B) Sample zl
2) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17% ar
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e behind in their tax payments.
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A) Population B) Sample zl
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
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3) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter zl
4) A researcher examines the property tax records of 84 property owners in one city and finds that 17% ar
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e behind in their tax payments.
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A) Statistic B) Parameter zl
5) Following the Republican National Convention, a poll of 600 voters in a central Illinois community sh
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
owed that 57% expected the Republican ticket to win over the Democrat ticket no matter whom the De
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
mocrats chose for vice- zl zl zl
president. The margin of error was 4 percentage points. There are 25,000 registered voters in the com
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munity. Which range of values is likely to contain the population parameter?
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A) 13,250 to 15,250 B) 24,400 to 25,600 zl zl zl zl zl
C) 318 to 366 zl D) 53% to 61%
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6) A poll of 488 citizens of Normal, Illinois, showed that 65% favored strict enforcement of speed limits w
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ith a margin of error of 4%. A second poll of 495 citizens of the same town showed that 34% favored stric
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t enforcement of speed limits. Assuming that proper sampling techniques were used in both polls, one m
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ay conclude that zl zl
A) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 8%.
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B) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 49.5% 4%.
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C) one or both of the samples may have been unlikely samples from the population.
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D) the percent of the population that favors strict enforcement of speed limits is 65% 8%.
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7) A poll of 700 attendees of the Taste of Chicago showed that 445 attendees, 65% of the sample, believe
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d that the food was overpriced. It is estimated that 1,250,000 people attend the Taste. Although 65% plu
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
s or minus 5% of attendees believe that the food is overpriced, the Taste is a popular event. The raw dat
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a of the study is (are)
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A) 65% of the sample. zl zl zl
B) 700 attendees, 455 attendees. zl zl zl
C) 1,250,000 attendees, 700 attendees, 455 attendees. zl zl zl zl zl
D) (60%, 70%) zl
8) A student wanted to know the favorite lunch at a large high school with a closed campus. What is the fi
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rst step in conducting a statistical study to answer the question?
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A) Select a random sample of students. zl zl zl zl zl
B) Precisely state the goal of the study. zl zl zl zl zl zl
C) Select a random sample of students and teachers. zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
D) Select a random sample of teachers. zl zl zl zl zl
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. zl zl zl zl zl
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample dat
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
a.
9) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton University is 47 years.
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A) Census data B) Sample data
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10) A researcher determines that 17% of 84 property owners in a large city are behind in their tax p
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
ayments.
A) Census data B) Sample data
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For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
11) A college student who does laundry infrequently wants to determine the effect of stain remover on
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
what should be white clothes.
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A) Reports of two friends, one of whom was given stain remover.zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
B) The reports of an internet chatroom on laundry techniques.
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C) Two loads of personal wash, one with, one without stain remover.
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D) Two loads of wash, one personal, one of a friend, the stain remover assigned by a coin flip.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
12) The father of a junior high school student wants to determine the most popular book among junior high st
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
udents. Select the sample with the least potential bias.
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A) A randomly selected group of 10 book sellers
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B) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students
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C) A randomly selected group of 30 junior high students leaving the public library
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D) The group of 30 junior high students attending the birthday party of the researcher’s child
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For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
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13) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To avoid working late, a quality-control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.
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A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
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15) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the 100 people c
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ontacted, 15 said they use the product.
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A) Observational B) Experimental zl
16) Two samples of fish are taken from a river upstream and downstream of a factory to measure the effect of
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pollution from the factory on the fish.
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A) Observational B) Experimental zl
2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. zl zl zl zl zl
