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Samenvatting Geschiedenis van het Politieke Denken

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Een samenvatting van het vak 'Geschiedenis van het politieke denken' , gedoceerd door Eline Severs. Samenvatting bevat alle lessen en PPT's en de belangrijkste delen van het boek. NIET : readings

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Geschiedenis van het politieke denken
Geschiedenis van het politieke denken............................................................................... 1
Hoofdstuk 1 : Inleiding : Ideologieën en ideeën............................................................8
Het belang van ideeën en ideologie in politiek............................................................. 8
Het probleem van de collectieve actie....................................................................8
De “ontdekking” van de armoede........................................................................... 9
Feiten - Ideeën....................................................................................................... 9
Wat is ideologie?.......................................................................................................... 9
Oorsprong van de term...........................................................................................9
Negatieve connotatie sinds 19e eeuw - Karl Marx............................................... 10
Negatieve connotatie - andere denkstromingen...................................................10
Ideologie vanaf de jaren 1960.............................................................................. 10
Wat doen ideologieën?............................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld : “Gelijkheid”........................................................................................ 11
Typologie van ideologieën..........................................................................................12
“Klassieke” typologieën........................................................................................ 12
Over de typologie van ideologieën....................................................................... 13
Ideologieën als families........................................................................................ 14
Besluit.........................................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 2 : Klassiek liberalisme............................................................................... 16
Wat is liberalisme?..................................................................................................... 16
Historische achtergrond........................................................................................16
Liberalisme en individuele vrijheid..............................................................................16
1) Individualisme...................................................................................................17
Historische context......................................................................................... 17
Kernconcept................................................................................................... 17
John Locke : ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).............. 17
John Locke : ‘Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690)............................... 18
Liberalisme en slavernij, een paradox?.......................................................... 18
2) Vrijheid..............................................................................................................18
3) Rationaliteit.......................................................................................................19
Jeremy Bentham : Utilitarisme........................................................................19
4) Rechtvaardigheid............................................................................................. 19
5) Tolerantie..........................................................................................................20
Conclusie / samenvatting : Liberalisme en vrijheid...............................................20
Hoe organiseren de liberalen de vrijheid?..................................................................21
1) Waarom constitutioneel liberalisme? - Locke................................................... 21
Natuurtoestand............................................................................................... 21
Principe van de politieke meerderheid........................................................... 22
Samenvatting / conclusie................................................................................22
2) Waarom vrijheid van meningsuiting? - John Stuart Mill................................... 23
Waarom afwijkende meningen toelaten?........................................................23


1

, Zijn er dan geen grenzen aan onze vrijheid?................................................. 24
3) Waarom vrije markt? - Adam Smith..................................................................24
Hoofdstuk 3 : Modern liberalisme.................................................................................26
Two concepts of liberty - Isaiah Berlin (1958) → Klassiek vs. modern liberalisme.... 26
Negatieve en positieve vrijheid.............................................................................26
Martha Nussbaum : capability benadering..................................................... 26
Spanning tussen positieve en negatieve vrijheden........................................ 27
Gevaren van positieve vrijheid....................................................................... 27
Klassiek vs. modern liberalisme........................................................................... 28
A Theory of Justice - John Rawls (1971) → modern liberalisme............................... 28
Visie van Rawls op rechtvaardigheid....................................................................28
Gedachtenexperiment : Sluier van onwetendheid..........................................29
Procedure om te komen tot de principes van rechtvaardigheid..................... 29
Principes van rechtvaardigheid............................................................................ 30
Principe 1 : equality principle.......................................................................... 30
Principe 2 : difference principle.......................................................................30
Samenvatting principes van rechtvaardigheid................................................31
Fair model van gelijke kansen, geen gelijke uitkomsten................................ 31
Rawls als liberaal denker......................................................................................32
Kritiek op Rawls’ visie op rechtvaardigheid.......................................................... 32
Anarchy, State and Utopia - Robert Nozick (1972) → Neoklassiek liberalisme......... 33
Klemtoon op negatieve vrijheid............................................................................ 33
Visie van Nozick op de staat................................................................................ 33
Nozick’s visie op rechtvaardigheid....................................................................... 33
Eyeball lottery (shock-effect).......................................................................... 33
(1) Absoluut eigendomsrecht..........................................................................34
(2) Staatstussenkomst.................................................................................... 34
Verhouding Nozick en klassiek liberalisme...........................................................34
Toekomst van het liberalisme..................................................................................... 35
Hoofdstuk 4 : Conservatisme........................................................................................36
Wat is conservatisme?............................................................................................... 36
Mannheim : verschil tussen traditionalisme en conservatisme.............................36
Edmund Burke - Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)........................ 36
Vergelijking Britse en Franse Revolutie.......................................................... 37
Burke’s visie : Traditioneel erfgoed en voorzichtige hervorming.................... 37
Scruton : betekenis van conservatisme voor de moderne samenleving.............. 37
Kernwaarden van het conservatisme......................................................................... 38
1) Menselijke onvolmaaktheid.............................................................................. 38
Negatief mensbeeld........................................................................................38
Belang van sturende overheid........................................................................ 38
Vergelijking met liberalisme............................................................................ 38
2) Traditie..............................................................................................................38
Scepticisme t.a.v. verandering........................................................................39
Michael Oakeshott : Rationalisme in Politics.................................................. 39


2

, Burke : Reflections (1790).............................................................................. 39
Roger Scruton over stereotypen.....................................................................40
3) Organisch samenlevingsconcept..................................................................... 40
Kritiek op contract-theorie...............................................................................40
Kritiek op liberale notie van negatieve vrijheid............................................... 40
Samenleving als organisme........................................................................... 41
4) Hiërarchie en autoriteit..................................................................................... 41
Benjamin Disraeli : One-nation conservatism.................................................42
Het communitarisme of gemeenschapsdenken............................................. 42
5) Pragmatische politieke aansturing................................................................... 43
6) Eigendom en verworteling................................................................................43
Vormen van conservatisme........................................................................................ 43
1) Autoritair conservatisme...................................................................................43
2) Paternalistisch conservatisme..........................................................................44
3) Christendemocratie.......................................................................................... 44
4) Libertair conservatisme.................................................................................... 44
Friedrich von Hayek : The Constitution of Liberty (1962)............................... 45
Toekomst van het conservatisme............................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 5 : Socialisme...............................................................................................47
Wat is socialisme?......................................................................................................47
Oorsprong.............................................................................................................47
Wat is kapitalisme?...............................................................................................47
Socialisme............................................................................................................ 48
Wat zijn de kernideeën van het socialisme?.............................................................. 48
1) Gemeenschap.................................................................................................. 48
Robert Owen : ‘A New View of Society’..........................................................49
Link met conservatisme en liberalisme...........................................................50
2) Samenwerking / solidariteit.............................................................................. 50
Peter Kropotkin : Mutual aid : a factor of evolution.........................................50
3) Gelijkheid..........................................................................................................51
4) Sociale klasse.................................................................................................. 51
5) Gemeenschapsbezit.........................................................................................52
Kernideeën socialisme......................................................................................... 52
3) Varianten van het socialisme..................................................................................52
Het Marxisme (1).................................................................................................. 53
Dialectisch of historisch materialisme.............................................................53
Noodzaak en onafwendbaarheid van de revolutie......................................... 55
Ontwikkelingen na Marx................................................................................. 55
Vladimir Lenin : What is to be done?.............................................................. 56
Modern (academisch) marxisme.................................................................... 56
Evolutionair socialisme (2)....................................................................................57
Sociaal-democratie (3)......................................................................................... 58
John Keynes : Algemene Theorie van Werkgelegenheid, Interest en Geld... 58
Keynesianisme............................................................................................... 58


3

, Gelijkheid van kansen.................................................................................... 59
De derde weg (4)..................................................................................................60
David Cameron : ‘Big Society’ speech (2010)................................................ 60
Nieuw radicaal links..............................................................................................61
Toekomst van het socialisme..................................................................................... 61
Hoofdstuk 6 : Anarchisme.............................................................................................62
Wat is anarchisme?.................................................................................................... 62
De kernwaarden van het anarchisme.........................................................................62
Kernthema’s......................................................................................................... 62
William Godwin : Enquiry concerning political justice (1793)......................... 63
Maatschappelijk alternatief van anarchisten.........................................................63
Teleologische visie..........................................................................................63
Anti-autoriteit (1)................................................................................................... 64
Anti-staat (2)......................................................................................................... 64
Proudhon : ‘Letter to Marx’ 1846.................................................................... 65
Mikhail Bakunin (1873) : Statism and Anarchy............................................... 65
Mikhail Bakunin (1907) : Illusion of universal suffrage....................................66
Natuurlijke orde - Utopisch denken...................................................................... 67
Peter Kropotkin (1902) : Mutual Aid, A Factor of Evolution............................ 67
Emma Goldman (1910) : Anarchism and Other Essays................................67
Varianten van anarchisme.......................................................................................... 68
Collectivistische anarchisten (anarcho-syndicalisme).......................................... 68
Economisch model : mutualisme.................................................................... 68
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1840) : What is property?...................................... 69
Individualistische anarchisten (anarcho-liberalisme)............................................ 69
Ayn Rand : The fountainhead (1943) en Atlas Shrugged (1958)....................69
Toekomst van anarchisme..........................................................................................70
Silvio Gesell : Freigeld / ‘Schwundgeld’..........................................................70
Conclusie........................................................................................................ 71
Hoofdstuk 7 : Nationalisme, Fascisme en Populisme................................................ 72
Nationalisme.....................................................................................................................72
Inleiding...................................................................................................................... 72
Kernthema’s............................................................................................................... 72
Natie als organische gemeenschap (1)................................................................ 73
Primordialisme................................................................................................ 73
Constructivisme.............................................................................................. 73
Zelfdeterminatie (2).............................................................................................. 75
Rousseau, idee van volkssoevereiniteit (18e eeuw)...................................... 75
Identiteitspolitiek (3)..............................................................................................75
Toekomst van het nationalisme.................................................................................. 76
Fascisme.......................................................................................................................... 77
Inleiding...................................................................................................................... 77
Fasci di Combattimento - Mussolini................................................................77
Fascisme vs nationaal-socialisme.................................................................. 77


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