Conditions at lungs and tissues
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- At the lungs, there is high pO2 in the inhaled air and lower pO2 in the
blood at the pulmonary capillaries - O2 will diffuses from the air into the
blood
- At the tissues, there is a lower pO2 in the tissues than in the blood so O2
leaves the blood and enters the tissue cells
Muscles of expiration
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- Resting expiration: no muscles needed - the external intercostals and
diaphragm relax, causing decrease volume -> elastic recoil of the lungs
increases pressure in lungs -> air goes out
, - Forced expiration: abdominal muscles - these increase pressure in the
abdomen which increases pressure in the chest and forces air out
In what two ways is oxygen carried in the blood?
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- Bound to hemoglobin - the molecule is then called oxyhemoglobin and
this is the MAIN WAY to transport oxygen
- Dissolved in the plasma
What happens when dead space is increased?
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- Resting tidal volume will be decreased because the same amount of air
will fill the dead space and not much will get to the alveoil where gas
exchange occurs
- Happens when someone is on a ventilator - tubing adds extra dead space
What are the rationale for the chemoreceptor responses?
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Regulation of blood oxygen and blood pH
What do the kidneys do if there is acidosis?
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Will reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete more H+
Inspiratory capacity
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- The volume of air you can breath in
- Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Body temperature
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- Core body temperature: the temp of your internal organs and the temp
maintained by homeostasis
- Shell temperature: temp of the heat loss surface of the body
- Rectal temperature: measure of the core temp
- Oral temperature: around 0.5 degrees less than the rectal temp but is
used as an estimate of the core
Metabolic acidosis
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- Caused by something ther than respiration
- Signs: disoriented, coma, decreased cardiac output, Kussmauls
respirations (deep, rapid breathing - respiratory compensation, trying to fix
the acidosis by blowing off H+ in the form of CO2)
, - Common causes: shock (accumulation of lactic acid), renal failure (loss of
too much bicarbonate), diabetic ketoacdosis, diarrhea (loss of
bicarbonate), vomiting (loss of bicarbonate)
Fetal hemogolbin
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- Present in the fetus who is getting oxygen from its mother's blood rather
than breathing
- Has a high affinity for oxygen so it can efficiently extract the oxygen from
its mother's blood
Physiological consequences of alkalosis
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Will also denature proteins so that enzymes will not work
What chemical is produced by the cells of the alveoil and what does it do?
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- Surfactant is the chemical produced
- It decreases surface tension and therefore decreases the energy needed
to expand the lungs
Give this one a try later!
- At the lungs, there is high pO2 in the inhaled air and lower pO2 in the
blood at the pulmonary capillaries - O2 will diffuses from the air into the
blood
- At the tissues, there is a lower pO2 in the tissues than in the blood so O2
leaves the blood and enters the tissue cells
Muscles of expiration
Give this one a try later!
- Resting expiration: no muscles needed - the external intercostals and
diaphragm relax, causing decrease volume -> elastic recoil of the lungs
increases pressure in lungs -> air goes out
, - Forced expiration: abdominal muscles - these increase pressure in the
abdomen which increases pressure in the chest and forces air out
In what two ways is oxygen carried in the blood?
Give this one a try later!
- Bound to hemoglobin - the molecule is then called oxyhemoglobin and
this is the MAIN WAY to transport oxygen
- Dissolved in the plasma
What happens when dead space is increased?
Give this one a try later!
- Resting tidal volume will be decreased because the same amount of air
will fill the dead space and not much will get to the alveoil where gas
exchange occurs
- Happens when someone is on a ventilator - tubing adds extra dead space
What are the rationale for the chemoreceptor responses?
Give this one a try later!
Regulation of blood oxygen and blood pH
What do the kidneys do if there is acidosis?
,Give this one a try later!
Will reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete more H+
Inspiratory capacity
Give this one a try later!
- The volume of air you can breath in
- Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Body temperature
Give this one a try later!
- Core body temperature: the temp of your internal organs and the temp
maintained by homeostasis
- Shell temperature: temp of the heat loss surface of the body
- Rectal temperature: measure of the core temp
- Oral temperature: around 0.5 degrees less than the rectal temp but is
used as an estimate of the core
Metabolic acidosis
Give this one a try later!
- Caused by something ther than respiration
- Signs: disoriented, coma, decreased cardiac output, Kussmauls
respirations (deep, rapid breathing - respiratory compensation, trying to fix
the acidosis by blowing off H+ in the form of CO2)
, - Common causes: shock (accumulation of lactic acid), renal failure (loss of
too much bicarbonate), diabetic ketoacdosis, diarrhea (loss of
bicarbonate), vomiting (loss of bicarbonate)
Fetal hemogolbin
Give this one a try later!
- Present in the fetus who is getting oxygen from its mother's blood rather
than breathing
- Has a high affinity for oxygen so it can efficiently extract the oxygen from
its mother's blood
Physiological consequences of alkalosis
Give this one a try later!
Will also denature proteins so that enzymes will not work
What chemical is produced by the cells of the alveoil and what does it do?
Give this one a try later!
- Surfactant is the chemical produced
- It decreases surface tension and therefore decreases the energy needed
to expand the lungs
