Would the above be considered a primary or secondary hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism?
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Secondary hypothyroidism
Identify which myogram represents treppe and which represents tetanus
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- Treppe
- Fused then unfused tetany
,What effect does epinephrine/norepinephrine have on the alpha receptors of the iris
of
the eye or the skeletal muscle vasculature?
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On the iris, they would cause contraction of the radial muscle and
mydriasis, or dilation of the
pupil. On the skeletal muscle vasculature, they cause vasoconstriction,
which would tend to increase BP
An agonist of what hypothalamic hormone might be valuable in treating the above
condition?
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A dopamine agonist
What is the result of the normal activation of these receptors?
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When acetylcholine binds to these nicotinic receptors, muscle contraction
results
Individuals with cerebral palsy often display muscle spasticity, especially in the lower
limbs. Drugs and therapies that reduce spasticity in the periphery have been shown to
improve function. How could the EMG be employed to evaluate the usefulness of a
,proposed new drug or therapy? What electrical parameters would be valuable to
monitor?
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- EMG measurements could be made from a muscle in question before and
after drug treatment
- Changes in electrical activity indicative of reduced force production
would suggest that the treatment had been successful
- Parameters such as the p-p EMG data and the mean of the integrated
EMG data could be monitored during such a study - if both of these
parameters showed a positive correlation with force production, a
decrease in the value of these parameters would suggests that the drug
therapy had succeeded in reducing muscle tone for the CP patient
If you drink too much water, what happens to the water level in your cells? How does
the term hyponatremia explain how water affects the cell?
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If the plasma solute concentration or osmolarity decreases due to a large
increase in water, it is going to cause hyponatremia or a reduced plasma
sodium level. This means the plasma is more dilute and has fewer solutes. If
the solute concentration is lower in the plasma (hypotonic), then it is going
to cause the water to move by osmosis into the cells and cause them to
lyse.
What effect does an isotonic solution have on a cell?
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, The water remains equal and the cell remains the same
Advantages and disadvantages of using PPG to assess heart rate
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- Advantages: accurate, require little skill to produce good measurements
- Disadvantages: unreliable if the subject is moving
Do solutes of differing masses diffuse at the same rates if concentration gradients are
the same?
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- No: the larger the molecule, the slower it diffuses
- Seen on table 3 of spreadsheet
How do concentration gradients affect the direction of diffusion?
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- Molecules diffuse from high to low concentrations. Reversing the gradient
will reverse the direction of diffusion
- This is seen on table 2 of the spreadsheet
hyperthyroidism?
Give this one a try later!
Secondary hypothyroidism
Identify which myogram represents treppe and which represents tetanus
Give this one a try later!
- Treppe
- Fused then unfused tetany
,What effect does epinephrine/norepinephrine have on the alpha receptors of the iris
of
the eye or the skeletal muscle vasculature?
Give this one a try later!
On the iris, they would cause contraction of the radial muscle and
mydriasis, or dilation of the
pupil. On the skeletal muscle vasculature, they cause vasoconstriction,
which would tend to increase BP
An agonist of what hypothalamic hormone might be valuable in treating the above
condition?
Give this one a try later!
A dopamine agonist
What is the result of the normal activation of these receptors?
Give this one a try later!
When acetylcholine binds to these nicotinic receptors, muscle contraction
results
Individuals with cerebral palsy often display muscle spasticity, especially in the lower
limbs. Drugs and therapies that reduce spasticity in the periphery have been shown to
improve function. How could the EMG be employed to evaluate the usefulness of a
,proposed new drug or therapy? What electrical parameters would be valuable to
monitor?
Give this one a try later!
- EMG measurements could be made from a muscle in question before and
after drug treatment
- Changes in electrical activity indicative of reduced force production
would suggest that the treatment had been successful
- Parameters such as the p-p EMG data and the mean of the integrated
EMG data could be monitored during such a study - if both of these
parameters showed a positive correlation with force production, a
decrease in the value of these parameters would suggests that the drug
therapy had succeeded in reducing muscle tone for the CP patient
If you drink too much water, what happens to the water level in your cells? How does
the term hyponatremia explain how water affects the cell?
Give this one a try later!
If the plasma solute concentration or osmolarity decreases due to a large
increase in water, it is going to cause hyponatremia or a reduced plasma
sodium level. This means the plasma is more dilute and has fewer solutes. If
the solute concentration is lower in the plasma (hypotonic), then it is going
to cause the water to move by osmosis into the cells and cause them to
lyse.
What effect does an isotonic solution have on a cell?
Give this one a try later!
, The water remains equal and the cell remains the same
Advantages and disadvantages of using PPG to assess heart rate
Give this one a try later!
- Advantages: accurate, require little skill to produce good measurements
- Disadvantages: unreliable if the subject is moving
Do solutes of differing masses diffuse at the same rates if concentration gradients are
the same?
Give this one a try later!
- No: the larger the molecule, the slower it diffuses
- Seen on table 3 of spreadsheet
How do concentration gradients affect the direction of diffusion?
Give this one a try later!
- Molecules diffuse from high to low concentrations. Reversing the gradient
will reverse the direction of diffusion
- This is seen on table 2 of the spreadsheet
