BIOD 210 GENETICS MODULE 1 TO 7 EXAM
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Describe what sister chromatids are. Answer: Once DNA
replicates in the S phase, it produces 2 sister chromatids in each
chromosome
◉ Draw & name the 4 different types of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Answer: 1. Submetacentric
2. Metacentric
3. Telocentric
4. Acrocentric
◉ Draw the cell cycle as shown in Figure 2.9 and know what occurs
in each stage. Answer: Interphase (G1 grow, G0 nondividing, G1-S
checkpoint, S DNA duplication, G2 mitosis prep, G2-M checkpoint)
Mitosis (M, spindle checkpoint, cytokinesis)
◉ Know what happens in each stage of mitosis. Answer: -Prophase
(spindle form, chromosomes condense)
-Prometaphase (nucleus dissolves, spindle attach)
-Metaphase (spindle checkpoint, middle lineup)
,-Anaphase (chromatids split)
-Telophase (nucleus forms, chromosomes relax)
◉ Know the purpose of mitosis:. Answer: to produce 2 genetically
identical cells
◉ Apply knowledge of the cell cycle to determine chromosome
number and DNA molecule number in each stage. Answer: G1 (6, 6)
S (6, 12)
G2 (6, 12)
Pro/Prometaphase (6, 12)
Metaphase (6, 12)
Anaphase (12, 12)
Telophase/Cyto (6, 6)
◉ Know the purpose of meiosis (gametogenesis):. Answer: to create
gametes for sexual reproduction
◉ Know the results of meiosis:. Answer: 4 genetically variable cells
whose chromosome # has been halved
,◉ Differentiate between the two divisions that occur in meiosis:.
Answer: reduction division (chromosome # reduced by half) and
equational division (similar to mitosis)
◉ Know the order of stages of meiosis and understand what occurs
in each stage. Answer: M.1: P.1 (Chromosomes condense, synapsis,
crossing over, nucleus breakdown), M.1 (Homo. chromosomes line
up via random assortment), A.1, T.1/Cytokinesis
M.2: Very similar to mitosis (PMAT)
◉ What is interkinesis?. Answer: Short interphase between M.1 and
M.2 in which the nucleus reassembles and chromosomes relax. If
interkinesis does not occur, P.2 will be skipped.
◉ Be able to compare/contrast the events of mitosis and meiosis.
Answer: -Compare (Meiosis 2 and Mitosis are almost exactly the
same)
-Contrast:(Prometaphase does not exist in Meiosis. Meiosis produces
4 genetically variable products whereas mitosis produces 2
genetically identical cells.)
◉ Explain how genetic variation is created in meiosis. Answer: Two
main ways: Crossing over during P.1 and independent assortment
during A.1
, ◉ Describe spermatogenesis. Answer: Spermatogonium (2n) →
Primary Spermatocyte (2n) → Secondary Spermatocyte x2 (n) →
Spermatids x4 (n) → Sperm x4 (n)
◉ Describe oogenesis. Answer: Oogonium (2n) → Primary Oocyte
(2n) → Secondary Oocyte (n) + 1st Polar Body → Ovum (n) + 2nd
Polar Body
◉ Define Gene. Answer: inherited DNA factor that codes for
characteristics
◉ Define Allele. Answer: form of a gene
◉ Define Locus. Answer: location of an allele on a chromosome
◉ Define Genotype. Answer: set of alleles of an organism
◉ Define Homozygote. Answer: an individual with 2 of the same
alleles at a locus
◉ Define Heterozygote. Answer: an individual with 2 different
alleles at a locus
◉ Define Character. Answer: an organism's attribute
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Describe what sister chromatids are. Answer: Once DNA
replicates in the S phase, it produces 2 sister chromatids in each
chromosome
◉ Draw & name the 4 different types of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Answer: 1. Submetacentric
2. Metacentric
3. Telocentric
4. Acrocentric
◉ Draw the cell cycle as shown in Figure 2.9 and know what occurs
in each stage. Answer: Interphase (G1 grow, G0 nondividing, G1-S
checkpoint, S DNA duplication, G2 mitosis prep, G2-M checkpoint)
Mitosis (M, spindle checkpoint, cytokinesis)
◉ Know what happens in each stage of mitosis. Answer: -Prophase
(spindle form, chromosomes condense)
-Prometaphase (nucleus dissolves, spindle attach)
-Metaphase (spindle checkpoint, middle lineup)
,-Anaphase (chromatids split)
-Telophase (nucleus forms, chromosomes relax)
◉ Know the purpose of mitosis:. Answer: to produce 2 genetically
identical cells
◉ Apply knowledge of the cell cycle to determine chromosome
number and DNA molecule number in each stage. Answer: G1 (6, 6)
S (6, 12)
G2 (6, 12)
Pro/Prometaphase (6, 12)
Metaphase (6, 12)
Anaphase (12, 12)
Telophase/Cyto (6, 6)
◉ Know the purpose of meiosis (gametogenesis):. Answer: to create
gametes for sexual reproduction
◉ Know the results of meiosis:. Answer: 4 genetically variable cells
whose chromosome # has been halved
,◉ Differentiate between the two divisions that occur in meiosis:.
Answer: reduction division (chromosome # reduced by half) and
equational division (similar to mitosis)
◉ Know the order of stages of meiosis and understand what occurs
in each stage. Answer: M.1: P.1 (Chromosomes condense, synapsis,
crossing over, nucleus breakdown), M.1 (Homo. chromosomes line
up via random assortment), A.1, T.1/Cytokinesis
M.2: Very similar to mitosis (PMAT)
◉ What is interkinesis?. Answer: Short interphase between M.1 and
M.2 in which the nucleus reassembles and chromosomes relax. If
interkinesis does not occur, P.2 will be skipped.
◉ Be able to compare/contrast the events of mitosis and meiosis.
Answer: -Compare (Meiosis 2 and Mitosis are almost exactly the
same)
-Contrast:(Prometaphase does not exist in Meiosis. Meiosis produces
4 genetically variable products whereas mitosis produces 2
genetically identical cells.)
◉ Explain how genetic variation is created in meiosis. Answer: Two
main ways: Crossing over during P.1 and independent assortment
during A.1
, ◉ Describe spermatogenesis. Answer: Spermatogonium (2n) →
Primary Spermatocyte (2n) → Secondary Spermatocyte x2 (n) →
Spermatids x4 (n) → Sperm x4 (n)
◉ Describe oogenesis. Answer: Oogonium (2n) → Primary Oocyte
(2n) → Secondary Oocyte (n) + 1st Polar Body → Ovum (n) + 2nd
Polar Body
◉ Define Gene. Answer: inherited DNA factor that codes for
characteristics
◉ Define Allele. Answer: form of a gene
◉ Define Locus. Answer: location of an allele on a chromosome
◉ Define Genotype. Answer: set of alleles of an organism
◉ Define Homozygote. Answer: an individual with 2 of the same
alleles at a locus
◉ Define Heterozygote. Answer: an individual with 2 different
alleles at a locus
◉ Define Character. Answer: an organism's attribute
