BIOD 171 ESSENTIAL MICROBIOLOGY
MODULES 1 TO 6 FINAL PAPER EXAM 2026
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? Answer: pain
redness
immobility
swelling (edema)
heat
◉ What means swelling? Answer: edema
◉ -Destroys injurious agent or limits its effects on the body
-Repairs and replaces tissue damaged by the injurious agent
Answer: inflammation
◉ Inflammation activates ---------- by the liver that cause
vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels Answer:
acute-phase proteins
◉ the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
Answer: vasodilation
,◉ List the acute phase proteins that cause vasodilation and
increased permeability of blood vessels Answer: histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
cytokines
◉ - is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune
responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and
acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
- is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a
mediator of itching Answer: histamine
◉ -is any of various structurally related polypeptides, such as
bradykinin and kallidin.
- act locally to induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth
muscle.
-function as mediators for inflammatory responses by triggering the
immune system. Answer: kinin
◉ any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying
hormonelike effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions.
Answer: prostaglandin
,◉ any of a group of biologically active compounds, originally
isolated from leukocytes. They are metabolites of arachidonic acid,
containing three conjugated double bonds. Answer: leukotriene
◉ any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and
growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune
system and have an effect on other cells. Answer: cytokines
◉ is the sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to
cytokines at the site of inflammation Answer: margination
◉ Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells of blood vessels via
Answer: diapedesis
◉ the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the
capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. Answer:
diapedesis
◉ abnormally high body temperature Answer: fever (hyperthermia)
◉ hypothalamus is usually set at? Answer: 37 degrees celsius
, ◉ What cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset
the hypothalamus to a higher temperature? The body maintains the
higher temperature until the ---- are eliminated. Answer: cytokines
◉ body temperature falls --- called what? Answer: crisis
◉ As body temperature falls (crisis) from a fever, what occurs?
Answer: vasodilation
sweating
◉ are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells
in response to the presence of several viruses Answer: interferon
◉ What are the outcomes of complement activation? Answer:
cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation
◉ Cytolysis:
Activated complement proteins create a? Answer: membrane attack
complex (MAC)
◉ Promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe Answer:
opsonization
MODULES 1 TO 6 FINAL PAPER EXAM 2026
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? Answer: pain
redness
immobility
swelling (edema)
heat
◉ What means swelling? Answer: edema
◉ -Destroys injurious agent or limits its effects on the body
-Repairs and replaces tissue damaged by the injurious agent
Answer: inflammation
◉ Inflammation activates ---------- by the liver that cause
vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels Answer:
acute-phase proteins
◉ the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
Answer: vasodilation
,◉ List the acute phase proteins that cause vasodilation and
increased permeability of blood vessels Answer: histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
cytokines
◉ - is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune
responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and
acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
- is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a
mediator of itching Answer: histamine
◉ -is any of various structurally related polypeptides, such as
bradykinin and kallidin.
- act locally to induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth
muscle.
-function as mediators for inflammatory responses by triggering the
immune system. Answer: kinin
◉ any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying
hormonelike effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions.
Answer: prostaglandin
,◉ any of a group of biologically active compounds, originally
isolated from leukocytes. They are metabolites of arachidonic acid,
containing three conjugated double bonds. Answer: leukotriene
◉ any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and
growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune
system and have an effect on other cells. Answer: cytokines
◉ is the sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to
cytokines at the site of inflammation Answer: margination
◉ Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells of blood vessels via
Answer: diapedesis
◉ the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the
capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. Answer:
diapedesis
◉ abnormally high body temperature Answer: fever (hyperthermia)
◉ hypothalamus is usually set at? Answer: 37 degrees celsius
, ◉ What cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset
the hypothalamus to a higher temperature? The body maintains the
higher temperature until the ---- are eliminated. Answer: cytokines
◉ body temperature falls --- called what? Answer: crisis
◉ As body temperature falls (crisis) from a fever, what occurs?
Answer: vasodilation
sweating
◉ are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells
in response to the presence of several viruses Answer: interferon
◉ What are the outcomes of complement activation? Answer:
cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation
◉ Cytolysis:
Activated complement proteins create a? Answer: membrane attack
complex (MAC)
◉ Promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe Answer:
opsonization
