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Swimming = highest injuries/deaths.
Trimodal distribution of death:
- 1st peak -> die within seconds/minutes
- 2nd peak -> die in minutes to hours
o Usually die in ER from bleeding
- 3rd peak -> die in days/weeks
o Multi-system failure, infection
Trauma Centers:
- Level 1 –
, o Regional
o 24 hour neuro team
o Research is done
- Level 2 –
o Area
o 24 hour neuro team
o No research
- Level 3 –
o Local
o Transport
o Trinity
Tissue Properties:
- Inertial resistance: the ability to resist movement (lungs can move)
- Tensile strength: amount of tension a tissue can withstand
- Elasticity: ability to resume normal shape
- Compressive strength: ability to resist squeezing force
Tissue Response to Trauma:
- low density (porous) can tolerate transfer of energy (lungs)
- High density is less tolerant & more likely to fragment/rupture (bone, heart, liver, spleen)
Type/Mode of Injury:
- Blunt –
o Motor vehicle crash
o Falls
o Assaults
o Pedestrian
o Accelerations/decelerations
o Shearing & compression
- Penetrating –
o Stabbing
o Gunshots
o Impalements
- Environmental –
o Thermal
o Chemical
, o Electrical
- Biochemical
- Radiation
Triage:
- Emergent/Immediate –
o Airway/breathing difficulties/acute cyanosis
o Cardiac arrest/chest pain
o Severe bleeding/shock
o Seizures/head injuries/coma
o Open chest/abdominal wounds/multiple injuries
o Temp > 105
o Emergent childbirth/hemorrhage/eclampsia
- Urgent –
o Need treatment within several hours
o Burns
o Multiple fractures
o Persistent n/v & diarrhea
o Severe pain
o Panic states
o High temp of 102 – 105
- Non-Emergent –
o Do not need emergency care
o Chronic backpain/headache
o Minor fractures
o Dead on arrival
- Colors –
o Class I –
▪ Red - - emergent
▪ Treat immediately
o Class II –
▪ Yellow - - urgent
▪ Treat within 20 minutes – 2 hours
o Class III –
▪ Green - - non-urgent
▪ Treat > 2 hours
o Class IV –
▪ Black – expectant
▪ Dead
, Primary Survey:
- Airway & Cervical Spine Immobilization –
o Look, listen, & feel
o Jaw thrust
o Secure airways
- Breathing –
o Assess
o O2 delivery & O2Sat
o Intubation
o Tracheal shift -> needle decompression with 14-16 G in 2nd intercostals space
- Circulation –
o Pulses –
▪ If you only have a carotid pulse you have at least a systolic BP of 60-80
▪ No pulses -> ACLS
o Cardiac monitor
o Shock –
▪ Get vascular access
▪ Two 14-16 G angiocaths placed
▪ Rapid infusion of crystalloids -> lactated ringers
▪ Control hemorrhage with direct pressure
- Disability –
▪ Glascow Coma Scale
▪ Pupils
▪ Neuro checks
- Exposure –
▪ Cut off clothes
▪ Preserve evidence
▪ Prevent hypothermia with warm blankets & warm IV fluids
History:
- Allergies
- Medications
- Past medical illness/Pregnancies
- Last meal
- Events/Environment relation to injury
SBAR Handoff:
- To ICU or ER
- Situation
- Background