TEST BANK
Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health
Practice
Marjorie E. Scaffa, and S. Maggie Reitz
3rd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Community and Population Health
Practice 1
Chapter 02 Community and Population Health Concepts 5
Chapter 03 Theoretical Frameworks for Community-Based Practice 10
Chapter 04 Population Health An Occupational Perspective 16
Chapter 05 Program Planning and Needs Assessment 23
Chapter 06 Program Design and Implementation 31
Chapter 07 Program Evaluation 39
Chapter 08 Program Support Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Business Acumen 47
Chapter 09 Early Intervention Programs 54
Chapter 10 From School to Community Transition Services 62
Chapter 11 Promoting Community Inclusion and Integration for Youth 71
Chapter 12 Aging in Place and Home Modifications 78
Chapter 13 Driving and Community Mobility 86
Chapter 14 Low Vision Services in the Community 95
Chapter 15 Community Ergonomics and Prevention of Work-Related Injuries 106
Chapter 16 Work and Career Transitions 120
Chapter 17 Health Professional Well-Being 127
Chapter 18 Community Mental Health Programs 137
Chapter 19 Community-Based Approaches to Substance Use Epidemics 145
Chapter 20 Addressing the Needs of the Homeless 154
Chapter 21 Community Reintegration Services for Military Veterans 163
Chapter 22 Promoting Occupational Participation in Marginalized Populations 174
Chapter 23 Telehealth 184
Chapter 24 Lifestyle Redesign Programs 191
Chapter 25 Occupational Therapy in Primary Health-Care Settings 197
Chapter 26 Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery 206
Chapter 27 Violence Prevention and Mitigation 216
Chapter 28 Future Directions in Community-Based and Population Health Practice 228
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Chapter 01: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Community and Population
Health Practice
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the most positive impact the community and population health practice paradigm
has on occupational therapy?
a. Clarifies OT’s role in skilled nursing facilities
b. Facilitates policy development
c. Promotes the visibility and recognition of the profession
d. Increases revenue
ANS: C
Rationale: Developing OT in a community and population health paradigm promotes the
visibility of occupational therapy as a profession
REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1.1
2. The earliest example of community-based occupational therapy practice within the United
States was:
a. In the military
b. Consolation House
c. The Arts and Crafts Movement
d. Hull House
ANS: B
Rationale: “Barton’s establishment of Consolation House in 1914 is the earliest example of
community-based occupational therapy practice within the United States” (Scaffa, 2001;
Scaffa & Brownson, 2005).
REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1.1
3. One of the first infectious diseases community-based occupational therapy worked to
prevent was:
a. Sexually transmitted infection
b. Pregnancy
c. Measles
d. Tuberculosis
ANS: D
Rationale: In 1932, Diaz authored an article describing the role of OT in the prevention of
tuberculosis. The article, “Organizing a Preventorium for Children,” was published in
Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation.
REF: Page 4 OBJ: 1.1
4. Occupational therapy in the military emerged as part of World Wars I and II to treat:
a. Shell shock
b. Amputees
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
c. Traumatic brain injury
d. Tuberculosis
ANS: A
Rationale: Occupational therapy has been supported in military environments for a long
time but emerged in World Wars I and II to treat shell shock. The occupation-based
perspective helped military personnel recover from war-related experiences ranging from
exposure to poor living conditions.
REF: Page 6 OBJ: 1.2
5. One example of a community-based setting is:
a. A skilled nursing facility
b. Outpatient rehabilitation
c. Industrial rehabilitation/work programs
d. A school system
ANS: C
Rationale: Occupational therapy practitioners work in a variety of community-based
settings. The most common reported are driving programs, industrial rehabilitation/work
programs, and sheltered workshops (AOTA, 2015).
REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1.2
6. A common role for occupational therapy in community settings is:
a. Consultant
b. Manager
c. Grant writer
d. Researcher
ANS: A
Rationale: Many roles for occupational therapy in community-based settings exist. A
common role is that of consultant. In this case, the occupational therapy practitioner uses
their expertise to devise program development from an occupation-based perspective that
helps a community organization.
REF: Page 9 OBJ: 1.2
7. Occupational therapy practitioners wanting to practice in community and population health
settings should focus on developing the following characteristic:
a. Billing and reimbursement knowledge
b. Creativity
c. Time management skills
d. Decisiveness
ANS: B
Rationale: Because community and population health is constantly evolving, occupational
therapy practitioners successful in this area have been identified to possess the following
characteristics: positive hopefulness, understanding for the perspectives of community
members, creativity, and the ability to address one’s own biases.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
REF: Page 10 OBJ: 1.3
8. Which of the following is identified by AOTA as a Standard for Continuing Competence?
a. Grant writing
b. Organizational skills
c. Expertise in community program development
d. Interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships
ANS: D
Rationale: The AOTA Standards of Competency include the following competencies:
knowledge required for multiple roles, critical reasoning necessary for decision-making in
those roles, interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships with others,
performance skills and proficiencies necessary for practice, and ethical reasoning required
for responsible decision-making.
REF: Page 11 OBJ: 1.3
9. According to Kielhofner (1997), a paradigm is the “cultural core of the discipline” and
“provides professional identity” (p. 17). Which of the following is an essential characteristic
of a paradigm?
a. Identifies what puzzles, problems, or questions practitioners will seek out in their
work
b. Provides solutions to the problems that emerge within a profession
c. Adequately open-ended enough to allow for the exploration of solutions to a
variety of problems
d. Interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships with others
ANS: C
Rationale: “Paradigms have two essential characteristics. They are (a) sufficiently
unprecedented scientific achievements that draw many constituents from competing areas of
inquiry and (b) adequately open-ended enough to allow for the exploration of solutions to a
variety of problems.”
REF: Page 11 OBJ: 1.4
10. Which of the following is a recognized paradigm in the profession’s history?
a. Health care paradigm
b. Reductionistic paradigm
c. Interpersonal relationship paradigm
d. Evidence-based paradigm
ANS: B
Rationale: “The reductionist, or mechanistic, paradigm of the 1960s asserted that by
focusing on the inner mechanisms of disease and disability (i.e., neurophysiology, anatomy,
kinesiology, and psychoanalysis), occupational therapy could actually alter function and
thereby gain professional respect as a scientific discipline. The early paradigm of occupation
had a holistic appreciation of the occupational nature of human life. The new paradigm
provided a more in-depth view and shifted professional thinking from the gestalt to a
reductionist focus on parts.”
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
REF: Page 13 OBJ: 1.4
11. Community practice should be designed with what theory in mind?
a. Sensory integration
b. Medical model
c. Model of human occupation
d. Dynamic systems theory
ANS: D
Rationale: Communities and their population health are impacted by many factors.
Community and population health practice must consider the implications of health and the
factors that influence it in order to design meaningful occupation-based programs.
REF: Pages 16-17 OBJ: 1.5
12. In order to develop meaningful and impactful occupation-based programs in community
settings, an occupational therapist should focus on which of the following?
a. Needs assessment
b. Grant funding
c. Community strengths
d. Community health issues
ANS: C
Rationale: Occupational therapists in community and population health settings should
focus on the strengths and talents of the community to develop meaningful and impactful
occupation-based programs.
REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1.5
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Chapter 02: Community and Population Health Concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the AOTA Practice Framework, health management and maintenance are identified
within the domain of occupational therapy as:
a. Occupation-based
b. Instrumental activities of daily living
c. Activities of daily living
d. Population health
ANS: B
Rationale: Health management and maintenance are identified within the domain of
occupational therapy as instrumental activities of daily living in the Occupational Therapy
Framework: Domain and Process.
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.1
2. An occupation-based outcome that can result from the application of occupational therapy to
community and population health needs, per the AOTA Practice Framework, is:
a. Occupational justice
b. Enhanced instrumental activities of daily living
c. Health disparities
d. Decreased morbidity
ANS: A
Rationale: Health and wellness, participation, prevention, quality of life, and occupational
justice are just a few of the outcomes that can result from the application of occupational
therapy to community and population health needs (AOTA, 2014). Occupational justice
refers to “access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching
occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the resources
to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal needs” (AOTA, 2014, p.
S43).
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.1
3. Social determinants of health are typically defined as:
a. Access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching
occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the
resources to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal
needs
b. Enriched contextual and activity experiences that enhance performance for all
people in the natural contexts of life
c. Families, workers, students, community members, or populations sharing the same
or like concerns
d. Conditions into which a person is born (e.g., social, economic, and physical) that
have an impact on health, functioning, and quality of life
ANS: D
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Rationale: The World Health Organization (WHO) established the Commission on Social
Determinants of Health (CSDH) in 2005 to develop strategies on reducing health inequities.
Health inequities exist both within and between countries, with a 40-year life expectancy
difference between the richest and poorest countries. These differences are often due to
inequities in the social determinants of health. Social determinants of health are the
conditions into which a person is born (e.g., social, economic, and physical) that have an
impact on health, functioning, and quality of life.
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.2
4. An example of a social determinant of health is:
a. Ethnicity
b. Diabetes
c. Occupations
d. Neighborhood and built environment
ANS: D
Rationale: Social factors, or social determinants of health, are organized into five key areas:
economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, and
neighborhood and built environment.
REF: Page 26 OBJ: 2.2
5. Healthy People 2020 provides the following framework for implementation of its
population health goals:
a. Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease,
disability, injury, and premature death
b. Mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track
c. Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to
improve the health and well-being of all
d. Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life
stages
ANS: B
Rationale: The goal of HP 2020 is to provide data and tools to enable practitioners and
communities across the nation to easily integrate services and intervention efforts. In order
to meet population health goals, a framework for implementation is included in HP 2020:
MAP-IT (mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track; USDHHS, 2010b). The MAP-IT
guide, available online, includes information on conducting a community needs assessment,
a brief overview of Healthy People 2020, and tools for assessing and tracking progress.
REF: Page 26 OBJ: 2.3
6. Public health is described as the critical functions of state and local health departments, such
as preventing epidemics, containing environmental hazards, and encouraging healthy
behaviors. An example of public health is:
a. Provision of vaccinations
b. Providing blankets to persons who are homeless
c. Mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track
d. Intensive care units
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
ANS: A
Rationale: Public health is “the critical functions of state and local health departments such
as preventing epidemics [e.g., infectious disease outbreaks], containing environmental
hazards [e.g., drinking-water contamination], and encouraging healthy behaviors [e.g.,
smoking cessation]” (para. 1). Other public health functions may include workplace injury
prevention and safety standards, provision of vaccinations, and policy advocacy, such as for
seatbelt laws and nutritious school lunches. In other words, public health could be construed
as a set of approaches used to improve the health of a population.
REF: Page 27 OBJ: 2.3
7. A risk factor that contributes to cardiovascular disease is:
a. Vaccinations
b. Diabetes
c. Intensive exercise
d. Occupational deprivation
ANS: B
Rationale: Risk factors are those precursors that increase an individual’s or population’s
vulnerability to developing a disease or disability or sustaining an injury (Scaffa, 1998).
Often when people hear or use the term risk factor, they are thinking of a physical condition
that contributes to a disease. For example, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol,
hypertension, and obesity are risk factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
REF: Page 29 OBJ: 2.3
8. Occupational therapy provided in a post-acute setting after a fall is typically what level of
prevention?
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Post-prevention
ANS: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention is implemented when a person is already ill or impaired, and
the initial damage has already occurred. Occupational therapy in the medical model is
typically tertiary prevention.
REF: Page 31 OBJ: 2.4
9. The term preventive occupation refers to the application of occupational science and therapy
in the prevention of disease and disability and the promotion of health and well-being of
individuals and communities through meaningful engagement in occupations. A commonly
known example of this in occupational therapy is:
a. The Well Elderly Study
b. Community-centered practice framework
c. Primary prevention
d. Population health
ANS: A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Rationale: An excellent example of the power of preventive occupation was demonstrated in
a comprehensive research project, commonly referred to as the Well Elderly Study,
conducted at the University of Southern California (Clark et al., 1997). This randomized,
controlled trial, involving 361 men and women aged 60 years or older living independently
in the community, was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a preventive occupational
therapy program.
REF: Page 32 OBJ: 2.4
10. Which of the following is an example of a population-level health promotion intervention?
a. Promotion of barrier-free, universal design environments to enable full community
participation for persons of all ages and abilities
b. Modification of community recreational facilities to increase accessibility for
persons with disabilities
c. Implementation of a depression-screening program for new mothers for the
purpose of developing prevention and early intervention programs
d. Disability awareness training for service industry personnel, such as those who
work for airlines, hotels, restaurants, etc.
ANS: C
Rationale: An occupational therapy role related to health promotion is to develop and
implement occupation-based community and population health promotion interventions,
targeting a variety of constituencies, including individuals (both with and without
disabilities), groups, organizations, communities, populations, and governmental policies.
An example of a population-level intervention is C.
REF: Page 33 OBJ: 2.4
11. An occupational therapy practitioner is working with a child diagnosed with Neonatal
Abstinence Syndrome (i.e., an infant born addicted to opioids). The mother who is
struggling with addiction confides in you that she is trying to get pregnant. You are
concerned about her substance use and refer her to a behavioral health specialist and contact
her primary care provider about your concerns. This is an example of:
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Not preventative care
ANS: A
Rationale: The current treatment of the child is secondary prevention. Referring the mother
to address her addiction before becoming pregnant is an example of primary prevention.
REF: Page 30 OBJ: 2.5
12. Funding for occupation-based population health programs typically comes from:
a. Governmental agencies
b. Foundations
c. Insurance companies
d. Multiple sources
______________________________________________________________________________________________
8|Page
Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health
Practice
Marjorie E. Scaffa, and S. Maggie Reitz
3rd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Community and Population Health
Practice 1
Chapter 02 Community and Population Health Concepts 5
Chapter 03 Theoretical Frameworks for Community-Based Practice 10
Chapter 04 Population Health An Occupational Perspective 16
Chapter 05 Program Planning and Needs Assessment 23
Chapter 06 Program Design and Implementation 31
Chapter 07 Program Evaluation 39
Chapter 08 Program Support Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Business Acumen 47
Chapter 09 Early Intervention Programs 54
Chapter 10 From School to Community Transition Services 62
Chapter 11 Promoting Community Inclusion and Integration for Youth 71
Chapter 12 Aging in Place and Home Modifications 78
Chapter 13 Driving and Community Mobility 86
Chapter 14 Low Vision Services in the Community 95
Chapter 15 Community Ergonomics and Prevention of Work-Related Injuries 106
Chapter 16 Work and Career Transitions 120
Chapter 17 Health Professional Well-Being 127
Chapter 18 Community Mental Health Programs 137
Chapter 19 Community-Based Approaches to Substance Use Epidemics 145
Chapter 20 Addressing the Needs of the Homeless 154
Chapter 21 Community Reintegration Services for Military Veterans 163
Chapter 22 Promoting Occupational Participation in Marginalized Populations 174
Chapter 23 Telehealth 184
Chapter 24 Lifestyle Redesign Programs 191
Chapter 25 Occupational Therapy in Primary Health-Care Settings 197
Chapter 26 Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery 206
Chapter 27 Violence Prevention and Mitigation 216
Chapter 28 Future Directions in Community-Based and Population Health Practice 228
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Chapter 01: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Community and Population
Health Practice
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the most positive impact the community and population health practice paradigm
has on occupational therapy?
a. Clarifies OT’s role in skilled nursing facilities
b. Facilitates policy development
c. Promotes the visibility and recognition of the profession
d. Increases revenue
ANS: C
Rationale: Developing OT in a community and population health paradigm promotes the
visibility of occupational therapy as a profession
REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1.1
2. The earliest example of community-based occupational therapy practice within the United
States was:
a. In the military
b. Consolation House
c. The Arts and Crafts Movement
d. Hull House
ANS: B
Rationale: “Barton’s establishment of Consolation House in 1914 is the earliest example of
community-based occupational therapy practice within the United States” (Scaffa, 2001;
Scaffa & Brownson, 2005).
REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1.1
3. One of the first infectious diseases community-based occupational therapy worked to
prevent was:
a. Sexually transmitted infection
b. Pregnancy
c. Measles
d. Tuberculosis
ANS: D
Rationale: In 1932, Diaz authored an article describing the role of OT in the prevention of
tuberculosis. The article, “Organizing a Preventorium for Children,” was published in
Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation.
REF: Page 4 OBJ: 1.1
4. Occupational therapy in the military emerged as part of World Wars I and II to treat:
a. Shell shock
b. Amputees
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
c. Traumatic brain injury
d. Tuberculosis
ANS: A
Rationale: Occupational therapy has been supported in military environments for a long
time but emerged in World Wars I and II to treat shell shock. The occupation-based
perspective helped military personnel recover from war-related experiences ranging from
exposure to poor living conditions.
REF: Page 6 OBJ: 1.2
5. One example of a community-based setting is:
a. A skilled nursing facility
b. Outpatient rehabilitation
c. Industrial rehabilitation/work programs
d. A school system
ANS: C
Rationale: Occupational therapy practitioners work in a variety of community-based
settings. The most common reported are driving programs, industrial rehabilitation/work
programs, and sheltered workshops (AOTA, 2015).
REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1.2
6. A common role for occupational therapy in community settings is:
a. Consultant
b. Manager
c. Grant writer
d. Researcher
ANS: A
Rationale: Many roles for occupational therapy in community-based settings exist. A
common role is that of consultant. In this case, the occupational therapy practitioner uses
their expertise to devise program development from an occupation-based perspective that
helps a community organization.
REF: Page 9 OBJ: 1.2
7. Occupational therapy practitioners wanting to practice in community and population health
settings should focus on developing the following characteristic:
a. Billing and reimbursement knowledge
b. Creativity
c. Time management skills
d. Decisiveness
ANS: B
Rationale: Because community and population health is constantly evolving, occupational
therapy practitioners successful in this area have been identified to possess the following
characteristics: positive hopefulness, understanding for the perspectives of community
members, creativity, and the ability to address one’s own biases.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
REF: Page 10 OBJ: 1.3
8. Which of the following is identified by AOTA as a Standard for Continuing Competence?
a. Grant writing
b. Organizational skills
c. Expertise in community program development
d. Interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships
ANS: D
Rationale: The AOTA Standards of Competency include the following competencies:
knowledge required for multiple roles, critical reasoning necessary for decision-making in
those roles, interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships with others,
performance skills and proficiencies necessary for practice, and ethical reasoning required
for responsible decision-making.
REF: Page 11 OBJ: 1.3
9. According to Kielhofner (1997), a paradigm is the “cultural core of the discipline” and
“provides professional identity” (p. 17). Which of the following is an essential characteristic
of a paradigm?
a. Identifies what puzzles, problems, or questions practitioners will seek out in their
work
b. Provides solutions to the problems that emerge within a profession
c. Adequately open-ended enough to allow for the exploration of solutions to a
variety of problems
d. Interpersonal abilities to establish effective relationships with others
ANS: C
Rationale: “Paradigms have two essential characteristics. They are (a) sufficiently
unprecedented scientific achievements that draw many constituents from competing areas of
inquiry and (b) adequately open-ended enough to allow for the exploration of solutions to a
variety of problems.”
REF: Page 11 OBJ: 1.4
10. Which of the following is a recognized paradigm in the profession’s history?
a. Health care paradigm
b. Reductionistic paradigm
c. Interpersonal relationship paradigm
d. Evidence-based paradigm
ANS: B
Rationale: “The reductionist, or mechanistic, paradigm of the 1960s asserted that by
focusing on the inner mechanisms of disease and disability (i.e., neurophysiology, anatomy,
kinesiology, and psychoanalysis), occupational therapy could actually alter function and
thereby gain professional respect as a scientific discipline. The early paradigm of occupation
had a holistic appreciation of the occupational nature of human life. The new paradigm
provided a more in-depth view and shifted professional thinking from the gestalt to a
reductionist focus on parts.”
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
REF: Page 13 OBJ: 1.4
11. Community practice should be designed with what theory in mind?
a. Sensory integration
b. Medical model
c. Model of human occupation
d. Dynamic systems theory
ANS: D
Rationale: Communities and their population health are impacted by many factors.
Community and population health practice must consider the implications of health and the
factors that influence it in order to design meaningful occupation-based programs.
REF: Pages 16-17 OBJ: 1.5
12. In order to develop meaningful and impactful occupation-based programs in community
settings, an occupational therapist should focus on which of the following?
a. Needs assessment
b. Grant funding
c. Community strengths
d. Community health issues
ANS: C
Rationale: Occupational therapists in community and population health settings should
focus on the strengths and talents of the community to develop meaningful and impactful
occupation-based programs.
REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1.5
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Chapter 02: Community and Population Health Concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the AOTA Practice Framework, health management and maintenance are identified
within the domain of occupational therapy as:
a. Occupation-based
b. Instrumental activities of daily living
c. Activities of daily living
d. Population health
ANS: B
Rationale: Health management and maintenance are identified within the domain of
occupational therapy as instrumental activities of daily living in the Occupational Therapy
Framework: Domain and Process.
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.1
2. An occupation-based outcome that can result from the application of occupational therapy to
community and population health needs, per the AOTA Practice Framework, is:
a. Occupational justice
b. Enhanced instrumental activities of daily living
c. Health disparities
d. Decreased morbidity
ANS: A
Rationale: Health and wellness, participation, prevention, quality of life, and occupational
justice are just a few of the outcomes that can result from the application of occupational
therapy to community and population health needs (AOTA, 2014). Occupational justice
refers to “access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching
occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the resources
to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal needs” (AOTA, 2014, p.
S43).
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.1
3. Social determinants of health are typically defined as:
a. Access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching
occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the
resources to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal
needs
b. Enriched contextual and activity experiences that enhance performance for all
people in the natural contexts of life
c. Families, workers, students, community members, or populations sharing the same
or like concerns
d. Conditions into which a person is born (e.g., social, economic, and physical) that
have an impact on health, functioning, and quality of life
ANS: D
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Rationale: The World Health Organization (WHO) established the Commission on Social
Determinants of Health (CSDH) in 2005 to develop strategies on reducing health inequities.
Health inequities exist both within and between countries, with a 40-year life expectancy
difference between the richest and poorest countries. These differences are often due to
inequities in the social determinants of health. Social determinants of health are the
conditions into which a person is born (e.g., social, economic, and physical) that have an
impact on health, functioning, and quality of life.
REF: Page 23 OBJ: 2.2
4. An example of a social determinant of health is:
a. Ethnicity
b. Diabetes
c. Occupations
d. Neighborhood and built environment
ANS: D
Rationale: Social factors, or social determinants of health, are organized into five key areas:
economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, and
neighborhood and built environment.
REF: Page 26 OBJ: 2.2
5. Healthy People 2020 provides the following framework for implementation of its
population health goals:
a. Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease,
disability, injury, and premature death
b. Mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track
c. Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to
improve the health and well-being of all
d. Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life
stages
ANS: B
Rationale: The goal of HP 2020 is to provide data and tools to enable practitioners and
communities across the nation to easily integrate services and intervention efforts. In order
to meet population health goals, a framework for implementation is included in HP 2020:
MAP-IT (mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track; USDHHS, 2010b). The MAP-IT
guide, available online, includes information on conducting a community needs assessment,
a brief overview of Healthy People 2020, and tools for assessing and tracking progress.
REF: Page 26 OBJ: 2.3
6. Public health is described as the critical functions of state and local health departments, such
as preventing epidemics, containing environmental hazards, and encouraging healthy
behaviors. An example of public health is:
a. Provision of vaccinations
b. Providing blankets to persons who are homeless
c. Mobilize, assess, plan, implement, and track
d. Intensive care units
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
ANS: A
Rationale: Public health is “the critical functions of state and local health departments such
as preventing epidemics [e.g., infectious disease outbreaks], containing environmental
hazards [e.g., drinking-water contamination], and encouraging healthy behaviors [e.g.,
smoking cessation]” (para. 1). Other public health functions may include workplace injury
prevention and safety standards, provision of vaccinations, and policy advocacy, such as for
seatbelt laws and nutritious school lunches. In other words, public health could be construed
as a set of approaches used to improve the health of a population.
REF: Page 27 OBJ: 2.3
7. A risk factor that contributes to cardiovascular disease is:
a. Vaccinations
b. Diabetes
c. Intensive exercise
d. Occupational deprivation
ANS: B
Rationale: Risk factors are those precursors that increase an individual’s or population’s
vulnerability to developing a disease or disability or sustaining an injury (Scaffa, 1998).
Often when people hear or use the term risk factor, they are thinking of a physical condition
that contributes to a disease. For example, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol,
hypertension, and obesity are risk factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
REF: Page 29 OBJ: 2.3
8. Occupational therapy provided in a post-acute setting after a fall is typically what level of
prevention?
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Post-prevention
ANS: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention is implemented when a person is already ill or impaired, and
the initial damage has already occurred. Occupational therapy in the medical model is
typically tertiary prevention.
REF: Page 31 OBJ: 2.4
9. The term preventive occupation refers to the application of occupational science and therapy
in the prevention of disease and disability and the promotion of health and well-being of
individuals and communities through meaningful engagement in occupations. A commonly
known example of this in occupational therapy is:
a. The Well Elderly Study
b. Community-centered practice framework
c. Primary prevention
d. Population health
ANS: A
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Test Bank - Occupational Therapy in Community and Population Health Practice, 3rd Edition (Scaffa, 2021)
Rationale: An excellent example of the power of preventive occupation was demonstrated in
a comprehensive research project, commonly referred to as the Well Elderly Study,
conducted at the University of Southern California (Clark et al., 1997). This randomized,
controlled trial, involving 361 men and women aged 60 years or older living independently
in the community, was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a preventive occupational
therapy program.
REF: Page 32 OBJ: 2.4
10. Which of the following is an example of a population-level health promotion intervention?
a. Promotion of barrier-free, universal design environments to enable full community
participation for persons of all ages and abilities
b. Modification of community recreational facilities to increase accessibility for
persons with disabilities
c. Implementation of a depression-screening program for new mothers for the
purpose of developing prevention and early intervention programs
d. Disability awareness training for service industry personnel, such as those who
work for airlines, hotels, restaurants, etc.
ANS: C
Rationale: An occupational therapy role related to health promotion is to develop and
implement occupation-based community and population health promotion interventions,
targeting a variety of constituencies, including individuals (both with and without
disabilities), groups, organizations, communities, populations, and governmental policies.
An example of a population-level intervention is C.
REF: Page 33 OBJ: 2.4
11. An occupational therapy practitioner is working with a child diagnosed with Neonatal
Abstinence Syndrome (i.e., an infant born addicted to opioids). The mother who is
struggling with addiction confides in you that she is trying to get pregnant. You are
concerned about her substance use and refer her to a behavioral health specialist and contact
her primary care provider about your concerns. This is an example of:
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Not preventative care
ANS: A
Rationale: The current treatment of the child is secondary prevention. Referring the mother
to address her addiction before becoming pregnant is an example of primary prevention.
REF: Page 30 OBJ: 2.5
12. Funding for occupation-based population health programs typically comes from:
a. Governmental agencies
b. Foundations
c. Insurance companies
d. Multiple sources
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