S
,
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o f 6 f 6
6
f
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
6f
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio f 6
f6
f 6 f 6
f6
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categori
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f
thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usuall
6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
y on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current ther
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
apies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug cat
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
egory can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
f6 f6 f6 f6
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
foryour answer.
f6 6f f6
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug f
f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f6 f 6
or thissample.f 6 6f
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sampl
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement result
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ed in ratio- f6 f6
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gra
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
y,2017; Knapp, 2017).
6f f6 f6
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
a. Less than $50,000
f 6 f6 f6
b. $50,000 to 59,999
f 6 f6 f6
c. $60,000 to 69,999
f 6 f6 f6
d. $70,000 to 80,000
f 6 f6 f6
e. $80,000 or greater
f 6 f6 f6
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categ
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
o- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ended
AG 1-1 f6
, AG 1-2
f6 Answerf 6 Guidelinesf 6 forf 6 Questionsf 6 tof 6 Bef 6 Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark e
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ither (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be chan
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
gedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank order
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ed from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
& Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rate
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
d their symp-
f6 f6
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressio
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
n symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
al., 2017).
f6 f6
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores fo
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
rthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS s
f6 f6 f6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6
coresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
(Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importanc
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e of this result.
f6 f6 f6
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gr
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesu
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f
bjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially t
6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
hosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated wit
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
h an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whol
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e percent (%).
f6 f6
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample include
f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6
d 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac p
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6
atients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequenc
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6
y ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100
f 6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients tr
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f 6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an a
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ntidepressant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6- f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determi
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ne a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore cou
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 6f f6
ld be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof ca
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f f6
rdiac patients. f6
,
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o f 6 f 6
6
f
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
6f
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio f 6
f6
f 6 f 6
f6
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categori
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f
thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usuall
6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
y on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current ther
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
apies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug cat
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
egory can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
f6 f6 f6 f6
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
foryour answer.
f6 6f f6
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug f
f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f6 f 6
or thissample.f 6 6f
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sampl
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement result
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ed in ratio- f6 f6
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gra
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
y,2017; Knapp, 2017).
6f f6 f6
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
a. Less than $50,000
f 6 f6 f6
b. $50,000 to 59,999
f 6 f6 f6
c. $60,000 to 69,999
f 6 f6 f6
d. $70,000 to 80,000
f 6 f6 f6
e. $80,000 or greater
f 6 f6 f6
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categ
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
o- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ended
AG 1-1 f6
, AG 1-2
f6 Answerf 6 Guidelinesf 6 forf 6 Questionsf 6 tof 6 Bef 6 Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark e
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ither (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be chan
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
gedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank order
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ed from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
& Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rate
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
d their symp-
f6 f6
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressio
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
n symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
al., 2017).
f6 f6
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores fo
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
rthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS s
f6 f6 f6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6
coresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
(Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importanc
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e of this result.
f6 f6 f6
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gr
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesu
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f
bjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially t
6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
hosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated wit
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
h an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whol
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
e percent (%).
f6 f6
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample include
f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6
d 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac p
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6
atients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequenc
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f 6
y ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100
f 6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 f6 f 6 f 6 f 6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients tr
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f 6 6f f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
eated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an a
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ntidepressant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6- f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determi
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6
ne a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore cou
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 f6f6 6f f6
ld be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof ca
f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 f6 6f f6
rdiac patients. f6
